2. Generating credible data on the rates and magnitude of tillage erosion across a range of soils with contrasting slopes and management systems for developing decision support systems to manage tillage erosion. The risks of past, present, and projected tillage erosion should be assessed and mapped for major soils. 3. Understanding the magnitude of changes in soil properties (compaction parameters, soil texture, water and organic matter content, coarse fragments) due to tillage erosion and relating the changes to spatial variation in crop yields. Understanding of the impacts of tillage erosion on crop production and soil productivity is fragmented. 4. Developing an innovative theoretical model to predict soil transport by tillage for a range of tillage implements, management scenarios, soils, landscape positions, and ecosystems. Models that simultaneously simulate tillage, water, and wind erosion and partition the various sources of erosion are needed for an accurate estimation of total erosion in complex terrains. Improved models are also needed to assess tillage erosion across contrasting topographic positions with complex slope gradients and morphologies, reflecting the natural landscape domains. 5. Conducting experiments to properly calibrate and validate existing models by ground truthing. Data from long-term field experiments are needed to understand the magnitude of tillage erosion and develop a physically-based model capable of simulating tillage erosion implications across ecosystems. 6. Expanding research to real-world situations where large fields rather than small plots undergo repetitive tillage operations across seasons under different levels of soil water content. 7. Developing techniques and models to separate soil losses by tillage erosion from those by water and wind erosion. Lack of standard techniques to partition the different components of soil erosion limits the accurate estimation of the magnitude of tillage erosion. 8. Assessing and understanding indirect and direct effects of tillage-induced soil erosion on C sequestration, emissions of greenhouse gases, and nutrient cycling. Buried soils in foot- and toe-slopes may have a large sink capacity for increasing long-term C sequestration. Elucidation of sediment-borne organic matter is a sink or source of CO2 is a research priority. 9. Assessing a detailed spatial and temporal magnitude of tillage erosion to fully understand the severity of losses across different ecosystems, soil conditions, and climate. Optimum harvest dates for root crop harvesting needs to be developed based on solid decision support systems that account for the changes in the various factors affecting soil losses by harvest.21.11 Organic FarmingOrganic farming is an ecological alternative to conventional farming, but harnessing benefits of this option necessitate the following research:
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