3.2.1.2. Stock-based compensation and corporate control contests. Stock-based compensation plans (option grants and restricted stock) can induce managers to provide certain voluntary disclosures, for example when managers contemplate buying or selling their companies’ securities or when they are being awarded stock options. Indeed, the evidence shows that managers sell more shares after good-news than after bad-news releases, and buy more after bad-news than after good-news releases (Noe, 1999). Further, in periods when insiders buy more shares, there are more bad-news forecasts (which lower the purchase price) (Cheng and Lo, 2006). Related, the evidence is consistent with CEOs’ opportunistically timing voluntary disclosure decisions to maximize stock option awards (Aboody and Kasznik, 2000). Nagar et al. (2003) find that both management earnings forecast frequency and the quality of firms’ disclosures, as measured by analysts’ subjective ratings of firms’ disclosure practices, are higher when the CEO’s compensation and wealth are more sensitive to stock price changes. They argue that equity-based incentives encourage not only good-news but also bad-news disclosures.In addition, because poor stock performance is associated with executive turnover (Warner et al., 1988; Weisbach, 1988), managers may also use voluntary disclosures to ‘‘explain’’ poor performance. However, our understanding of how management’s career concerns affect their disclosure strategies is still limited, a fact previously noted by in the survey by Healy and Palepu (2001).
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