where Fopbn and Fopb s are the parallel-bond normal and shear force vectors in the lasttime step, Mopb is the parallel-bond resultant moment vector in the last time step,DFpbn and DFpbsare the parallel-bond normal and shear force vector increments,DMpb is the parallel-bond resultant Moment vector increment, Kpbn and Kpbs are the parallel-bond normal and shear stiffness,Ais the area of the bond cross section, Iis the moment of inertia of the bond cross section about an axis h rough the contact point,DUn is the overlap increment between particles, DUs is the relative shear displacement vector increment,Dh3 is the relative angle displacement vector increment.
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