Platelet aggregation leads to activation of membrane phospholipases, with the release of AA and consequent eicosanoid biosynthesis. In human platelets, TxA2 and 12-HETE are the two major eicosanoids formed, although eicosanoids from other sources (e.g., PGI2 derived from vascular endothelium) also affect platelet function. A naturally occurring mutation in the first intracellular loop of the TP receptor is associated with a mild bleeding diathesis and resistance of platelet aggregability to TP agonists (Hirata et al., 1994). The importance of the TxA2 pathway is evident from the efficacy of low-dose aspirin in the secondary prevention of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. The total biosynthesis of TxA2, as determined by excretion of its urinary metabolites, is augmented in clinical syndromes of platelet activation, including unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and stroke (Smyth et al., 2009). Deletion of the TP receptor in the mouse prolongs bleeding time, renders platelets unresponsive to TP agonists, modifies their response to collagen but not to ADP, and blunts the response to vasopressors and the proliferative response to vascular injury. PGI2 inhibits platelet aggregation and disaggregates preformed clumps. Deficiency of the IP receptor in disease-free mice does not alter platelet aggregation significantly ex vivo, although increased responsiveness to thrombin was evident in a mouse model of atherosclerosis (Smyth and FitzGerald, 2009). Augmented biosynthesis of PGI2 in syndromes of platelet activation serves to constrain the effects platelet agonists, vasoconstrictors, and stimuli to platelet activation. However, PGI2 does limit platelet activation by TxA2 in vivo, reducing the thrombotic response to vascular injury (Cheng et al., 2002). The increased incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke in patients receiving selective inhibitors of COX-2, most parsimoniously explained by inhibition of COX-2-dependent PGI2 formation, supports this concept (Grosser et al., 2006b). Low concentrations of PGE2 activate the EP3 receptor, leading to platelet aggregation (Fabre, 2001). Deletion of the EP3 in mice leads to an increased bleeding tendency and decreased susceptibility to thromboembolism. Deletion of mPGES-1 did not affect thrombogenesis in vivo, probably due to substrate rediversion and augmented formation of PGI2 (Cheng et al., 2006b).
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