• Network+ Guide to Networks6th Edition• Chapter 10• Virtual Networks and Remote Access• Objectives• Explain virtualization and identify characteristics of virtual network components• Create and configure virtual servers, adapters, and switches as part of a network• Describe techniques for incorporating virtual components in VLANs• Explain methods for remotely connecting to a network, including dial-up networking, virtual desktops, and thin clients• Objectives (cont’d.)• Discuss VPNs (virtual private networks) and the protocols they rely on• Identify the features and benefits of cloud computing and NaaS (Network as a Service)• Virtualization• Emulation of a computer, operating system environment, or application on a physical system• Virtual machines (VMs)– Virtual workstations– Virtual servers– VMs on a single computer share the same hardware as the host OS• Virtualization (cont’d.)• VM appears to user no different than physical computer:– Running the same software• Host is the physical computer• Virtual machine is known as the guest• Hypervisor: the software that allows you to define VMs and manages resource allocation and sharing• Virtualization (cont’d.)• Advantages of virtualization– Efficient use of resources (decreases the problem of server sprawl)– Cost and energy savings (fewer computer drawing power)– Fault and threat isolation (guest VMs are independent of each other)– Simple backups, recovery, and replication (snapshots & image of a guest machine)• Disadvantages– Compromised performance– Increased complexity (must understand VM software)– Increased licensing costs (each VM may require license)– Single point of failure (host machine could fail)• Virtualization Software• Examples of Virtualization Software:– VMware– Parallels– Microsoft’s Hyper-V– KVM (Kernel-based Virtual Machine)– Oracle’s VirtualBox– Citrix’s Xen• Virtual Network Components• Virtual network– Can be created to consist solely of virtual machines on a physical server• Most networks combine physical and virtual elements• Virtual Machines and Adapters• Virtualization program– Assigns VM’s software and hardware characteristics– Often easy to use, step-by-step wizard• Operating system images– Available for download online• Or on disc from software vendors• To connect to a network, a virtual machine requires a virtual adapter (vNIC)– VM can be assigned several vNICs (creating a multihomed system)• Virtual Switches and Bridges• Virtual bridge or switch– Created when first VM’s NIC is selected– Connects VM with host– Resides in RAM• Virtual switch– Logically defined device that operates at Data Link layer to pass frames between nodes• Virtual bridge– Ports on a virtual switch, connects vNICs with a network, whether virtual or physical• Both are used to connect vNICs with physical NICs for physical network access and reside in the RAM of the host computer• Network Connection Types• Must identify networking mode vNIC will use• Frequently-used network connection types– Bridged– NAT– Host-only• Bridged– vNIC accesses physical network using host machine’s NIC– Obtains own IP address, default gateway, and netmask from DHCP server on physical LAN– When VMs must be available at a specific address then use bridged connection type• Network Connection Types (cont’d.)• NAT– vNIC relies on host to act as NAT device– Obtains IP addressing information from host– Virtualization software acts as a DHCP server– Default network connection type in VMware, VirtualBox, and KVM– Good for VMs that do not need to accessed at a known address by other network nodes• Host-only– VMs on one host can exchange data with each other and the host– Cannot communicate with nodes beyond the host– Useful when you want to create a private network of your own without causing problems on the physical network that the host is actually connected to• Virtual Appliances• Alternative to test servers for new software• Virtual appliance includes:– Image of operating system, software, hardware specifications, and application configuration• Most commonly virtual servers• Popular functions include– Firewall– E-mail solutions– Network management– Remote access• Virtual Networks and VLANs• Virtual network– Refers to how VMs connect with other virtual and physical network nodes• Virtual network management– Nearly identical to physical network management• To add VMs to a physical VLAN:– Modify virtual switch’s configuration• Steps vary for different virtualization programs• Remote Access and Virtual Computing• Remote access– Allows user to connect with LAN or WAN in different geographical location– Allows access to shared resources as any other client on LAN or WAN– Requires transmission path and appropriate software• Popular remote access techniques– Dial-up networking– Microsoft’s Remote Access Service (RAS)• Or Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS)– Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)• Dial-Up Networking• Dialing directly into private network’s or ISP’s remote access server• Usually refers to connection using PSTN• Remote access server attached to group of modems• Client must run dial-up software• After authentication, user allowed access• Remote access server can serve multiple users• Low throughput• Less popular today• Remote Access Servers• Accepts connections regardless of Internet connection type• RRAS (Routing and Remote Access Service)– Microsoft’s remote access software– Available with Server 2003, 2008, 2008 R2, XP, Vista, and 7 operating systems– Enables server to act as a router– Includes multiple security provisions• Remote Access Protocols• SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol)– Earlier and less sophisticated than PPP– Can only carry IP packets– Requires significant amount of setup– Does not support data encryption– Asynchronous transmission• PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)– Known as PPPoE when used over Ethernet– Standard for connecting home computers to ISP• Via DSL or broadband cable• Remote Virtual Computing• Allows workstation to remotely access and control another workstation• Host may allow clients a variety of privileges• Can send keystrokes and mouse clicks to the host– Receive screen output in return• Thin client– Workstation that uses such software to access LAN– Requires very little hard disk space or processing power• Remote Virtual Computing (cont’d.)• Advantages– Simple to configure– Single host can accept simultaneous connections from multiple clients• Popular programs:– Microsoft Remote Desktop– VNC (Virtual Network Computing)– ICA (Independent Computing Architecture)• Remote Virtual Computing (cont’d.)• Remote desktop– Comes with Windows client and server operating systems• VNC (Virtual Network Computing)– Open source system• ICA (Independent Computing Architecture)– Citrix System’s XenApp– Can work with virtually any operating system or application– Easy to use
• VPNs (Virtual Private Networks)
• Logically defined networks over public transmission systems
– Isolated from other traffic on same public lines
• Requires inexpensive software
• Important considerations
– Interoperability
– Security
• Types
– Site-to-site
– Client-to-site
• VPNs (cont’d.)
• Enterprise-wide VPN
– Can include elements of client-to-site and site-to-site models
• VPNs tailored to customer’s distance, user, and bandwidth needs
• Two major types of tunneling protocols
– PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol) Microsoft
– L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol) Cisco
• Cloud Computing
• Internet frequently pictured as a cloud
• Cloud computing
– Flexible provision of data storage, applications, and services
• To multiple clients over a network
• Cloud computing distinguishing features
– Self-service and on-demand (always available)
– Elastic (storage capacity can dynamically change)
– Supports multiple platforms
– Resource pooling and consolidation (multiple VMs)
– Metered service (how the cloud usage is measured)
• Cloud Computing (cont’d.)
• Can provide virtual desktops
– Operating environments hosted virtually
– Different physical computer than one user interacts with
• NaaS (Network as a Service)
– Service provider offers customers complete set of networking services
• Types of delivery
– Public cloud
– Private cloud
• Summary
• Virtualization: emulation of a computer, operating system environment, or application on a physical system
• VMs exist as files on physical computer’s hard disk
• Hypervisor software manages resource allocation and sharing among virtual machines
• Virtual switch allows VMs to communicate with each other and with nodes on a physical LAN or WAN
• Different methods of remote user access exist
• Cloud computing provides storage, applications, or services over a network
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