Disclosures of forward-looking information are considered highly relevant in equity markets worldwide. For example, the EU’s Fourth Directive states that the annual report should include an indication of the company’s likely future developments. The SEC’s Regulation S-K requires companies to disclose presently known information that will materially impact future liquidity, capital resources, and operating results. As a third example, the Tokyo Stock Exchange “requests” management of listed firms to provide forecasts of sales, earnings, and dividends in their annual and semiannual press releases. As used here, the term forward-looking information includes (1) forecasts of revenues, income (loss), cash flows, capital expenditures, and other financial items;(2) prospective information about future economic performance or position that is less definite than forecasts in terms of projected item, fiscal period, and projected amount;12 and (3) statements of management’s plans and objectives for future operations. These three categories of forward-looking information become more general as we move from (1) forecasts to (2) prospective information to (3) plans and objectives.
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