⇑ Corresponding author. Address: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr 55, 45122 Essen, Germany. Tel.: +49201 723 84713; fax: +49 201 723 5719.E-mail address: ali.canbay@uni-due.de (A. Canbay).Abbreviations: ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; ATF6, activating transcription factor-6; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; apoB-48/100, apoprotein B-48/100; BA,bile acids; CD36/FAT, fatty acid translocase; ChREBP, carbohydrate responsiveelement binding protein; CPT-1, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1; DAG, diacylglycerol;DGAT, diacylglycerol-acyltransferase; DNL, de novo lipogenesis; ER, endoplasmaticreticulum; FA, fatty acids; FABP, fatty acid binding protein; FAS,fatty acid synthase; FATPs, fatty acid transport proteins; FFA, free FA; FGF15/19,fibroblast growth factors 15 (mouse) and 19 (human); FoxO, forkhead box proteinO; FXR, farnesoid X receptor; GCKR, glucokinase regulatory protein; GLP-1, glucagonlike peptide-1; GLUT2, glucose transporter type 2; Got2 or mitochondrialaspartate aminotransferase [mAspAT], glutamate-oxaloacetate-transaminase 2;GPAT, glycerol-3-phosphate-acyltransferase; GS, glycogen synthase; G6Pase, glucose-6-phosphase;HCC, Hepatocellular carcinoma; HNF4a, hepatic nuclear factor-4-alpha;HNF6, hepatic nuclear factor 6; IGF-1, insulin-like-growth factor 1;IR, insulin resistance; LCFAs, long chain fatty acids; L-GCK, liver glucokinase;LRH1, liver receptor homolog 1; LXR, liver X receptor; MODY, maturity onsetdiabetes of the young; mTOR, mmmalian target of rapamycin; NAFLD, non-alcoholicfatty liver disease; NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; NRs, nuclear receptors;PEPCK, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; PGC1a, peroxisomeproliferator-activated receptor c co-activator-1a; PHx, partial hepatectomy; PI3K,phosphoinositide-3-kinase; PKA, protein kinase A; PPARs, peroxisome proliferator-activatedreceptors; PYGL, glycogen phosphorylase; ROS, reactive oxygenspecies; SIRT1, sirtuin 1; SREBP-1c, sterol-response-binding-protein-1c; TAGs, triacylglycerols;TCA, tricarboxylic acid cycle; TRB3, tribbles-homologue 3; UPR,unfolded protein response; USF1, upstream stimulatory factor 1; VDR, vitamin Dreceptor; VLDL, very low-density lipoproteins.
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