GENERAL PRINCIPLESResistance welding is a thermo-electricprocess in which heat is generated at the interfaceof the parts to be joined by passing anelectrical current through the parts for aprecisely controlled time and under a controlledpressure (also called force). Thename “resistance” welding derives from thefact that the resistance of the workpieces andelectrodes are used in combination or contrastto generate the heat at their interface.Key advantages of the resistance weldingprocess include:• Very short process time• No consumables, such as brazing materials,solder, or welding rods• Operator safety because of low voltage• Clean and environmentally friendly• A reliable electro-mechanical joint is formedResistance welding is a fairly simple heatgeneration process: the passage of currentthrough a resistance generates heat. This isthe same principle used in the operation ofheating coils. In addition to the bulk resistances,the contact resistances also play a major role.The contact resistances are influenced bythe surface condition (surface roughness,cleanliness, oxidation, and platings).The general heat generation formula for resistancewelding is:Heat = I2 x R x t x KWhere “I” is the weld current through theworkpieces, “R” is the electrical resistance (inohms) of the workpieces, “t” is the weld time(in hertz, milliseconds or microseconds), and“K” is a thermal constant. The weld current(I) and duration of current (t) are controlled bythe resistance welding power supply. Theresistance of the workpieces (R) is a functionof the weld force and the materials used. Thethermal constant “K” can be affected by partgeometry, fixturing and weld force.The bulk and contact resistance values of theworkpieces, electrodes, and their interfacesboth cause and affect the amount of heatgenerated. The diagram (above right) illustratesthree contact and four bulk resistancevalues, which, combined, helpdetermine the heat generated.
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