EC staff consolidated version as of 16 September 2009, EN – EU IAS 8FOR INFORMATION PURPOSES ONLY1International Accounting Standard 8Accounting Policies, Changes in AccountingEstimatesand ErrorsObjective1 The objective of this Standard is to prescribe the criteria for selecting and changing accounting policies, together with the accounting treatment and disclosure of changes in accounting policies, changes in accounting estimates and corrections of errors. The Standard is intended to enhance the relevance and reliability of an entity’s financial statements, and the comparability of those financial statements over time and with the financial statements of other entities.2 Disclosure requirements for accounting policies, except those for changes in accounting policies, are set out in IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements.Scope3 This Standard shall be applied in selecting and applying accounting policies, and accounting for changes in accounting policies, changes in accounting estimates and corrections of prior period errors.4 The tax effects of corrections of prior period errors and of retrospective adjustments made to apply changes in accounting policies are accounted for and disclosed in accordance with IAS 12 Income Taxes.Definitions5 The following terms are used in this Standard with the meanings specified:Accounting policiesare the specific principles, bases, conventions, rules and practices applied by an entity in preparing and presenting financial statements.A change in accounting estimateis an adjustment of the carrying amount of an asset or a liability, or the amount of the periodic consumption of an asset, that results from the assessment of the present status of, and expected future benefits and obligationsassociated with, assets and liabilities. Changes in accounting estimates result from new information or new developments and, accordingly, are not corrections of errors.International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs)are Standards and Interpretations adopted by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). They comprise:(a) International Financial Reporting Standards;(b) International Accounting Standards; and(c) Interpretations developed by the International Financial Reporting InterpretationsCommittee (IFRIC) or the former Standing Interpretations Committee (SIC). MaterialOmissions or misstatements of items are materialif they could, individually or collectively, influence the economic decisions that users make onthe basis of the financial statements. Materiality depends on the size and nature of the omissionor misstatement judged in the surrounding circumstances. The size or nature of the item, or a combination of both, could be the determining factor.EC staff consolidated version as of 16 September 2009, EN – EU IAS 8FOR INFORMATION PURPOSES ONLY2Prior period errorsare omissions from, and misstatements in, the entity’s financial statements for one or more prior periods arising from a failure to use, or misuse of, reliable information that:(a) was available when financial statements for those periods were authorised for issue; and(b) could reasonably be expected to have been obtained and taken into account in the preparation and presentation of those financial statements. Such errors include the effects of mathematical mistakes, mistakes in applying accounting policies, oversights or misinterpretations of facts, and fraud. Retrospective applicationis applying a new accounting policy to transactions, other events and conditions as if that policy had always been applied.(d) if retrospective restatement is impracticable for a particular prior period, the circumstances that led to the existence of that condition and a description of how and from when the error has been corrected.Financial statements of subsequent periods need not repeat these disclosures.Impracticability in respect of retrospective application and retrospectiverestatement50 In some circumstances, it is impracticable to adjust comparative information for one or more prior periods to achieve comparability with the current period. For example, data may not have been collected in the prior period(s) in a way that allows either retrospective application of a new accounting policy (including, for the purpose of paragraphs 51–53, its prospective application to prior periods) or retrospective restatement to correct a prior period error, and it may be impracticable to recreate the information.51 It is frequently necessary to make estimates in applying an accounting policy to elements of financial statements recognised or disclosed in respect of transactions, other events or conditions. Estimation is inherently subjective, and estimates may be developed after the reporting period. Developing estimates is potentially more difficult when retrospectively applying an accounting policy or making a retrospective restatement to correct a prior period error, because of the longer period of time that might have passed since the affected transaction, other event or condition occurred. However, the objective of estimates related to prior periods remains the same as for estimates made in the current period, namely, for the estimate to reflect the circumstances that existed when the transaction, other event or condition occurred.52 Therefore, retrospectively applying a new accounting policy or correcting a prior period error requires distinguishing information that(a) provides evidence of circumstances that existed on the date(s) as at which the transaction, other event or condition occurred, and(b) would have been available when the financial statements for that prior period were authorised for issue from other information. For some types of estimates (eg an estimate of fair value not based on an observable price or observable inputs), it is impracticable to distinguish these types of information. When retrospective application or retrospective restatement would require making a significant estimate for which it is impossible to distinguish these two types of information, it is impracticable to apply the new accounting policy or correct the prior period error retrospectively.53 Hindsight should not be used when applying a new accounting policy to, or correcting amounts for, a prior period, either in making assumptionsabout what management’s intentions would have been in a prior period or estimating the amounts recognised, measured or disclosed in a prior period. For example, when an entity corrects a prior period error in measuring financial assets previously classified as held-to-maturity investments in accordance with IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement, it does not change their basis of measurement for that period if management decided later not to hold them to maturity. In addition, when an entity corrects a prior period error in calculating its liability for employees’ accumulated sick leave in accordance with IAS 19 Employee Benefits, it disregards information about an unusually severe influenza season during the next period that became available after the financial statements for the prior period were authorised for issue. The fact that significant estimates are frequently required when amending comparative information presented for prior periods does not prevent reliable adjustment or correction of the comparative information.Effective date54 An entity shall apply this Standard for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2005. Earlier application is encouraged. If an entity applies this Standard for a period beginning before 1 January 2005, it shall disclose that fact.Withdrawal of other pronouncements55 This Standard supersedes IAS 8 Net Profit or Loss for the Period, Fundamental Errors and Changes inAccounting Policies, revised in 1993.56 This Standard supersedes the following Interpretations:(a) SIC-2 Consistency—Capitalisation of Borrowing Costs; and(b) SIC-18 Consistency—Alternative Methods.
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