including health insurance sources, accounts for only 30% comparedwith the private expenditure (70%) [1].Second, private health care providers to some extent havereduced the heavy workloads in public health care facilities,especially in public hospitals. From none before the reform, upto 2008, Vietnam had 74 private hospitals with 5600 beds. Up to2010, the number of private hospitals increased to 102 [4]. Inaddition, many private hospitals are licensed and being constructed.The country has more than 30,000 private clinics and21,600 private pharmacies [1]. Of note, in addition to theselicensed private facilities, there are many unlicensed practitioners,including public health staffs who practice privately athome after the government hours. It is reported that privatehealth care providers provide 60% of all outpatient contacts inVietnam [5] and provide care for 60% of all illness episodes [6].The number of private hospital beds, however, is still limited,accounting for less than 5% of the total number of hospital bedsin the country [7].
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