Two important characteristics of the emitted light should be noted: (1) Theemitted light is of longer wavelength (lower energy) than the excitation light.This is because part of the energy initially associated with the S state is lost asheat energy, and the energy lost by emission may be sufficient only to return theexcited molecule to a higher vibrational level in G. (2) The emitted light is composed of many wavelengths, which results in a fluorescence spectrum as shownin Figure 7.12. This is due to the fact that fluorescence from any particular excitedmolecule may return the molecule to one of many vibrational levels in theground state. Just as in the case of an absorption spectrum, a wavelength of maximum fluorescence is observed, and the spectrum is composed of a wavelength distribution centered at this emission maximum.Quantum YieldIn the foregoing discussion, it was pointed out that a molecule in the excitedstate can return to lower energy levels by collisional transfer or by light emission.Since these two processes are competitive, the fluorescence intensityof a fluorescing system depends on the relative importance of each process. The fluorescence intensity is often defined in terms of quantum yield,represented by Q.This describes the efficiency or probability of the fluorescence process. By definition,Qis the ratio of the number of photons emitted to the number of photonsabsorbed (Equation 7.7).
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