ADVERTISING OBJECTIVESIn selecting media, it is important to review the communications objectives establishedduring the development of the IMC program. These objectives guide media selectiondecisions as well as the message design (see Chapters 6 and 7). Several concepts or technicalterms are used in media objectives, including:10◗ Reach◗ Frequency◗ Opportunity to see (OTS)◗ Gross rating points◗ Cost per rating point◗ Cost◗ Continuity◗ ImpressionsThese ingredients are the key features of an advertising program. Reach is the numberof people, households, or businesses in a target audience exposed to a media vehicleor message schedule at least once during a given time period. A time period is normally4 weeks. In other words, how many targeted buyers did the ad reach?Frequency is the average number of times an individual, household, or businesswithin a particular target market is exposed to a particular advertisement within a specifiedtime period, again, usually for 4 weeks. Or, how many times did the person see the ad duringthe campaign? A regular viewer sees the same ad shown each day on HollywoodSquares more frequently than an ad shown once on The Apprentice, even though theprogram has a far greater reach. In media planning, instead of frequency, opportunities tosee (OTS) is commonly used. Opportunities to see refer to the cumulative exposuresachieved in a given time period. For example, if a company places two ads on a televisionshow that is televised weekly, then during a 4-week period there are 8 OTS (4 shows x 2ads per show).Gross rating points (GRP) are a measure of the impact or intensity of a media plan.Gross rating points are calculated by multiplying a vehicle’s rating by the OTS, or numberof insertions of an advertisement. GRP gives the advertiser an idea about the odds ofthe target audience actually viewing the ad. By increasing the frequency, or OTS, of anadvertisement, the chances of a magazine reader seeing the advertisement increase. Itmakes sense that an advertisement in each issue of Time during a 4-week period is morelikely to be seen than an advertisement that appears only once in a monthly periodical.Cost is a measure of overall expenditures associated with an advertising program orcampaign. Another useful number that can be calculated to measure a program’s costs isits cost per thousand (CPM). CPM is the dollar cost of reaching 1,000 members of themedia vehicle’s audience. The cost per thousand is calculated by using the followingformula:CPM (Cost of media buy/Total audience) × 1,000Table 8.1 shows some basic cost and readership information. The first three columnsof the table provide the name of the magazine, the cost of a 4-color full-page advertisement,and the magazine’s total readership. The fourth column contains a measure of theCPM of each magazine. The cost per thousand (CPM) for National Geographic is$16.44. This means that it takes $16.44 to reach 1,000 National Geographic readers.
Notice the CPM for Sports Illustrated is $71.11 and for Travel & Leisure, $83.09. The
readership of Travel & Leisure is the lowest, and yet its CPM is the highest of all eight
magazines. In terms of cost per thousand readers, the best buy is Southern Living, at only
$1.98 per thousand.
Another cost calculation can be made besides CPM. One critical concern is the cost
of reaching a firm’s target audience. Therefore, a measure called the cost per rating
point (CPRP) was developed. The cost per rating point is a relative measure of the efficiency
of a media vehicle relative to a firm’s target market. Ratings measure the percentage
of a firm’s target market that is exposed to a show on television or an article in a print
medium. To calculate the cost per rating point, the formula is
CPRP Cost of media buy/Vehicle’s rating
Table 8.1 ratings were generated for potential buyers of a 35 mm camera (see the
case at the end of this chapter). The table shows the CPRP for National Geographic is
$21,496. This is the average cost for each rating point or of each 1 percent of the firm’s
target audience (35 mm camera buyers). Not all readers of a magazine are part of the
firm’s target market. The CPRP more accurately measures an advertising campaign’s
efficiency than does CPM. Notice that the CPRP is the lowest for National
Geographic, Southern Living, and U.S. News & World Report.
CPRP provides a relative measure of reach exposure in terms of cost. For example,
it costs $21,496 to reach 1 percent, or 200,000, of the 20 million in this firm’s target
market using National Geographic. To reach 1 percent, or 200,000, using Sports
Illustrated costs $91,994. To reach 1 percent, or 200,000, using Southern Living costs
only $4,738. Because Southern Living is so efficient, why wouldn’t a media planner
just do all of the advertising in that magazine? The answer lies in the rating for
Southern Living. Advertising
đang được dịch, vui lòng đợi..
