Actual implementation of regulation, at least in part, has depended on the effectiveness of the
monitoring system and incentives to use environmental technologies better. Pollution
monitoring systems have been established and system management has been improved over
time. Additionally, research and development (R&D) programs for pollution control have been
implemented over the past two decades. The Chinese government initiated a series of R&D
programs involving studies analyzing atmospheric and water pollutants, solid waste,
environmental planning, development of advanced technologies, and demonstration studies of
pollution control. Also, many international organizations and foundations, such as the United
Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the World Bank, Japan, the United States and others,
have provided financial and technological support
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