where i =1, 2, 3…., 31 provinces in the sample, and t = years 1980, 1981,1989, 1990, 2000 and 2003. The 1981, 1990 and 2000 provincial IMR data arecensus data that are collected about every ten years whereas the data for 1980,1989 and 2003 are estimated by the National Bureau of Statistics
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