Centrifugal pumps are turbomachines used for transporting liquids by raising a specified volume flow to a specified pressure level. The energy transfer in turbomachines is invariably based on hydrodynamic processes for which characteristically all pressure and energy differences are proportional to the square of the circumferential rotor speed. By contrast, positive displacement pumps (e.g. piston pumps) essentially deliver the same volume Vstroke at each stroke independently of flow velocity or rotor speed n. The flow rate then becomes Q=n×Vstroke; the pressure rise results solely from the imposed back pressure.A centrifugal pump according to Fig. 2.1 is essentially composed of a casing, a bearing housing, the pump shaft and an impeller. The liquid to be pumped flows through the suction nozzle to the impeller. The overhung impeller mounted on the shaft is driven via a coupling by a motor. The impeller transfers the energy necessary to transport the fluid and accelerates it in the circumferential direction. This causes the static pressure to increase in accordance with kinetics, because the fluid flow follows a curved path (Sect. 1.4.1). The fluid exiting the impeller is decelerated in the volute and the following diffuser in order to utilize the greatest possible part of the kinetic energy at the impeller outlet for increasing the static pressure. The diffuser forms the discharge nozzle.
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