Convenience sampling was used. The questionnaires, with instructions of how tocomplete them, were distributed to respondents by an interviewer. In order to minimizepossible response bias, instructions emphasized that the study focused only on theirpersonal opinions. There were no right or wrong answers. After completion, thequestionnaires were checked and collected by the interviewer. Respondents were chosenusing equal quotas for both country and demographic categories: countries (Thailandand Vietnam), age (young and old), education (with and without a bachelors degree), andincome (low and high). However, due to some invalid questionnaires which wereremoved from the sample, the numbers of consumers in the two groups of each categoryvaried slightly. The total sample size was 603, comprising 304 female consumers inBangkok and 299 female consumers in Hanoi. Table I shows the characteristics of thesample in both countries: Thailand and Vietnam
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