Application of small/medium generation units in distribution
systems is rapidly growing. This topic is known as Distributed
Generation (DG) [1–3]. Generally speaking, DG can affect optimal
operation of distributed networks, from two aspects. On the one
hand, application of DG can lead to energy losses’ reduction, fixed
and variable costs’ saving, improvement of reliability indices, load-
ing decrease, and voltage profile improvement [4–6]. Low risk of
investment, low space requirement and small modular size are
such other important characteristics of DGs. On the other hand,
DG may impose some troublesome effects on power quality issues
such as voltage flicker, harmonic (e.g. caused by intermittent
sources) and islanding operation [7,8]. Moreover, installing DG
with non-optimal location and size may affect electrical losses,
operation costs, and loading of feeders, inversely. Despite the
mentioned problems, application of optimal-sized DG sources in
proper location of distribution systems can result in significant
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