An electrochromic device contains three principally different kinds oflayered materials: The electrolyte is a pure ion conductor and separates the two electrochromic films (or separates one electrochromic film from an optically pas-sive ion storage film). The electrochromic films conduct both ions and electronsand hence belong to the class of mixed conductors. The transparent conductors,finally, are pure electron conductors. Optical absorption occurs when electronsmove into the electrochromic film(s) from the transparent conductors alongwith charge-balancing ions entering from the electrolyte. This very simplifiedexplanation of the operating principles for an electrochromic device emphasisesthat it can be described as an ‘electrical thin-film battery’ with a charging statethat translates to a degree of optical absorption. This analogy has been pointedout a number of times but has only rarely been taken full advantage of forelectrochromics.
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