abstract Oxidation stability of safflower biodiesel stabilized with propyl gallate whose concentration spreads from0 to 5000 ppm was studied by Rancimat method at temperatures from 100 C to 120 C. It was conse- quently demonstrated that the induction period of biodiesel increases with the increase of antioxidant concentration and decreases with increase of temperature. Kinetics on its oxidation was described by the first order rate law with an accuracy higher than 0.98. The reaction rate of propyl gallate consumedin safflower biodiesel obtained from the experiment fits well with Arrhenius equation and the activation energy obtained from Arrhenius equation was 97.02 kJ/mol. Logarithm of induction periods determined by Rancimat method with various antioxidant concentrations shows a linear relation with temperatures.It was, consequently, found that the Rancimat method for the oxidation stability determination shows an approximate correlation between storage stability and Rancimat induction period. The Rancimat method cannot directly measure the overall storage stability of fuels, since other conditions such as presence of water, microbial contamination and storage conditions would affect fuel quality during storage1. IntroductionBiodiesel consists of long-chain fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) obtained from vegetable oils such as rapeseed oil, palm oil, soy- bean oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, as well as animal fats and used cooking oils [1–3], which are renewable and their utilization is car- bon-neutral and low exhaust emission. With the increase of envi- ronment protection consciousness and decrease of petroleum reserves, more and more biodiesel is being used in many countries such as Germany, France, Italy, USA and so on. It was, therefore, re- ported that production capacity of biodiesel in EU in 2006 was6,069,000 ton, and this value will reach 10,000,000 ton by 2010 [4].However, biodiesel has lower oxidation stability as compared with petroleum diesel because biodiesel has high content of unsat- urated methyl esters, especially poly-unsaturated methyl esters which can be easily oxidized such as methyl linoleate (C18:2) and methyl linolenate (C18:3), which lead to the formation of decom- posed compounds such as acids, aldehydes, esters, ketones, perox- ides and alcohols. These products not only affect the properties of biodiesel, but also bring the problems of engine operation [5]. As a result, the European Committee for Standardization established a standard (EN 14214) for biodiesel in 2003, which requires that bio- diesel must reach a minimum induction period of 6 h as tested by Rancimat method at 110 C.Many researchers have paid attentions on the factors that affect the oxidation stability of biodiesel [6–15]. It was, then, found thatkinematic viscosity, acid value, ester content and peroxide value ofbiodiesel deteriorate along with oxidation time, at the end of Ranc- imat induction period, and that all of these parameters could not meet specification of the FAME or oils and fats. At the same time, the other research theme, prolonging the induction period of bio- diesel by adding the antioxidant seems to be promising, which en- sures high biodiesel oxidation stability. The effect of synthetic antioxidants such as pyrogallol, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid pro- pyl ester (propyl gallate), tert-butyl hydroquinone, tert-butyl hydroxyanisole, tert-butyl methyl-phenol and so on as well as nat- ural antioxidants (tocopherols) have been studied on enhancing oxidation stability of biodiesel [16–19]. The results show that eas- ily oxidized biodiesel can reach the oxidation stability specification by adding the antioxidant. The stability of biodiesel enhanced by addition of the antioxidant has been widely studied, but on the kinetics of oxidation has not been reported yet.Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish an oxidation reaction law of the antioxidant there by preventing oxidation of bio- diesel. Rancimat method test which can accelerate oxidation was carried out for safflower biodiesel stabilized with propyl gallate at various temperatures. Furthermore, the Rancimat method for long term storage stability of biodiesel determination was also evaluated.2. Materials and methods2.1. MaterialsTo obtain induction period readily and study the effect of anti- oxidant on stabilizing biodiesel in a wide range, susceptibly C concentration of propyl gallateC0 initial concentration of the antioxidant in biodieselCcr critical concentration of the antioxidant in biodieselti induction period tested by Rancimat methodk the reaction constant of propyl gallate consumptionti0 induction period tested by Ranciamt method for biodie- sel without synthetic antioxidant additionEa activation energyR ideal gas law constant (8.314 J/mol K)B constant that intercepts the straight line to vertical axisA pre-exponential factoroxidized biodiesel that has poor oxidation stability and high unsat-urated methyl ester content is a good candidate. Thus the safflower biodiesel was used in this study, which was prepared by alkali-cat- alyzed method [20] from safflower oil (Nacalai Tesque; Kyoto, Ja- pan). Key properties of safflower biodiesel and European specification standard are shown in Table 1. Palm and rapeseed biodiesel were also prepared by alkali-catalyzed method from palm oil and rapeseed oil (Nacalai Tesque; Kyoto, Japan).In our previous experiment, one of the most widely used antiox- idant, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was found to have high va- por pressure, thus a part of BHT vaporized at high temperature. To avoid a change of the antioxidant concentration due to vaporiza- tion, propyl gallate was used as antioxidant. As a chain-breaking radical scavenging antioxidant, propyl gallate is widely used in food, petroleum chemistry and polymer [21]. Propyl gallate was purchased from Sigma, Japan.Standard free fatty acid methyl esters such as methyl palmitate (C16:0), methyl stearate (C18:0), methyl oleate (C18:1), methyl linole- ate (C18:2) and methyl linolenate (C18:3) were purchased from Nac- alai Tesque Inc., Japan as standards with their purities being higher
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