CHƯƠNG 3UTILITARIANISM (THUYẾT VỊ L

CHƯƠNG 3
UTILITARIANISM (THUYẾT VỊ LỢI)
Utilirarianism: a consequentialist (results-based) approach. The basic utilitarian view holds that an action is judged as right or good on the basis of its consequences
Utilitarianism also includes the following tenets:
1. An action is morally right if it produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people
2. An action is morally right if the net benefits over costs are greatest for all affected compared with the net benefits of all other possible choices.
3. An action is morally right if its benefits are greatest for each individual and if these benefits outweigh the costs and benefits of the alternatives.
UNIVERSALISM (THUYẾT PHỔ QUÁT)
Universalism: a deonotological (duty-based) Approach. The right thing must always be done, even if doing the wrong thing would do the most good for the most people
The categorical imperative consists of two parts:
1. A person should choose to act if and only if she or he would be willing to have every person on earth, in that same situation, act exactly that way.
2. A person should act in a way that respects and treats all others involved as ends as well as means to an end.
RIGHTS (THUYẾT QUYỀN LỢI)
Rights: A moral and legal entitlement-based approach.
Rights are based on several sources of authority. In the United States, the Constitution and Declaration of Independence are the basis for citizens’ legal rights, the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, and the right to freedom of speech.
Moral (and human) rights, on the other hand, are universal and based on norms in every society, the right not to be enslaved and the right to work.
Moral rights are also connected with duties,my moral rights imply that others have a duty toward me to not violate those rights
JUSTICE (THUYẾT CÔNG LÝ)
Richard DeGeorge identifies four types of justice:
1. Compensatory justice
2. Retributive justice
3. Distributive justice
4. Procedural justice
VIRTUE ETHICS (THUYẾT ĐỨC HẠNH)
Virtue ethics focuses on the type of person we ought to be, not on specific actions that should be taken. It is grounded in good character, motives, and core values.
Virtue ethics argue that the possessor of good character is and acts moral, feels good, is happy, and flourishes. Practical wisdom, however, is often required to be virtuous
3.1 Ethical Dilemmas, Decision Criteria, Moral Creativity and Ethical Reasoning
Ethical dilemma is a problem or issue that confronts a person, group or organization and that requires a decision or choice among competing claims and interests, all of which may be unethical
 Although ethical reasoning has been defined, in part, by acting on “principled thinking,” it is also true that moral creativity, negotiating skills, and knowing your values also help solve tough “real world” situations.
 Decision choices presented by an ethical dilemma usually involve solutions that do not satify all stakeholders.