We observe that the denominator of (11)–(15), increases with the degree of opacity σ2ε , while the numerator of (14) decreases with σ2 ε and the numerator of (15) increases with σ2 ε . It follows that τt , gct , πt and xt are all decreasing in σ2 ε . On the other hand, var(πt ) and var(xt ) could be both increasing or decreasing in σ2 ε , as shown by the results of Hefeker and Zimmer (forthcoming) that we reformulate in the following proposition.
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