- Văn bản
- Lịch sử
1. Consider two ways to protect you
1. Consider two ways to protect your car from
theft. The Club (a steering wheel lock) makes it
difficult for a car thief to take your car. Lojack
(a tracking system) makes it easier for the police
to catch the car thief who has stolen it. Which
of these types of protection conveys a negative
externality on other car owners? Which conveys
a positive externality? Do you think there are
any policy implications of your analysis?
2. Do you agree with the following statements?
Why or why not?
a. “The benefits of corrective taxes as a way to
reduce pollution have to be weighed against
the deadweight losses that these taxes cause.”
b. “When deciding whether to levy a corrective
tax on consumers or producers, the
government should be careful to levy the
tax on the side of the market generating the
externality.”
3. Consider the market for fire extinguishers.
a. Why might fire extinguishers exhibit positive
externalities?
b. Draw a graph of the market for fire
extinguishers, labeling the demand curve, the
social-value curve, the supply curve, and the
social-cost curve.
c. Indicate the market equilibrium level of
output and the efficient level of output.
Give an intuitive explanation for why these
quantities differ.
d. If the external benefit is $10 per extinguisher,
describe a government policy that would
yield the efficient outcome.
4. A local drama company proposes a new
neighborhood theater in San Francisco. Before
approving the building permit, the city planner
completes a study of the theater’s impact on the
surrounding community.
a. One finding of the study is that theaters
attract traffic, which adversely affects the
community. The city planner estimates that
the cost to the community from the extra
traffic is $5 per ticket. What kind of an
externality is this? Why?
b. Graph the market for theater tickets, labeling
the demand curve, the social-value curve,
the supply curve, the social-cost curve, the
market equilibrium level of output, and the
efficient level of output. Also show the
per-unit amount of the externality.
c. Upon further review, the city planner
uncovers a second externality. Rehearsals
for the plays tend to run until late at night,
with actors, stagehands, and other theater
members coming and going at various hours.
The planner has found that the increased
foot traffic improves the safety of the
surrounding streets, an estimated benefit to
the community of $2 per ticket. What kind of
externality is this? Why?
d. On a new graph, illustrate the market for
theater tickets in the case of these two
externalities. Again, label the demand curve,
the social-value curve, the supply curve, the
social-cost curve, the market equilibrium
level of output, the efficient level of output,
and the per-unit amount of both externalities.
e. Describe a government policy that would
result in an efficient outcome.
5. Greater consumption of alcohol leads to more
motor vehicle accidents and, thus, imposes costs
on people who do not drink and drive.
a. Illustrate the market for alcohol, labeling
the demand curve, the social-value curve,
the supply curve, the social-cost curve, the
market equilibrium level of output, and the
efficient level of output.
b. On your graph, shade the area corresponding
to the deadweight loss of the market
equilibrium. (Hint: The deadweight loss
occurs because some units of alcohol are
consumed for which the social cost exceeds
the social value.) Explain.
6. Many observers believe that the levels of
pollution in our society are too high.
a. If society wishes to reduce overall pollution
by a certain amount, why is it efficient to
have different amounts of reduction at
different firms?
b. Command-and-control approaches often rely
on uniform reductions among firms. Why
are these approaches generally unable to
target the firms that should undertake bigger
reductions?
c. Economists argue that appropriate corrective
taxes or tradable pollution rights will result
PROblEMSAnd APPlICATIOn S
214 PART Iv The economics of The Public secTor
1. Consider two ways to protect your car from
theft. The Club (a steering wheel lock) makes it
difficult for a car thief to take your car. Lojack
(a tracking system) makes it easier for the police
to catch the car thief who has stolen it. Which
of these types of protection conveys a negative
externality on other car owners? Which conveys
a positive externality? Do you think there are
any policy implications of your analysis?
2. Do you agree with the following statements?
Why or why not?
a.“The benefits of corrective taxes as a way to
reduce pollution have to be weighed against
the deadweight losses that these taxes cause.”
b.“When deciding whether to levy a corrective
tax on consumers or producers, the
government should be careful to levy the
tax on the side of the market generating the
externality.”
3. Consider the market for fire extinguishers.
a.Why might fire extinguishers exhibit positive
externalities?
b.Draw a graph of the market for fire
extinguishers, labeling the demand curve, the
social-value curve, the supply curve, and the
social-cost curve.
c. Indicate the market equilibrium level of
output and the efficient level of output.
Give an intuitive explanation for why these
quantities differ.
d.If the external benefit is $10 per extinguisher,
describe a government policy that would
yield the efficient outcome.
4. A local drama company proposes a new
neighborhood theater in San Francisco. Before
approving the building permit, the city planner
completes a study of the theater’s impact on the
surrounding community.
a.One finding of the study is that theaters
attract traffic, which adversely affects the
community. The city planner estimates that
the cost to the community from the extra
traffic is $5 per ticket. What kind of an
externality is this? Why?
b.Graph the market for theater tickets, labeling
the demand curve, the social-value curve,
the supply curve, the social-cost curve, the
market equilibrium level of output, and the
efficient level of output. Also show the
per-unit amount of the externality.
c. Upon further review, the city planner
uncovers a second externality. Rehearsals
for the plays tend to run until late at night,
with actors, stagehands, and other theater
members coming and going at various hours.
The planner has found that the increased
foot traffic improves the safety of the
surrounding streets, an estimated benefit to
the community of $2 per ticket. What kind of
externality is this? Why?
d.On a new graph, illustrate the market for
theater tickets in the case of these two
externalities. Again, label the demand curve,
the social-value curve, the supply curve, the
social-cost curve, the market equilibrium
level of output, the efficient level of output,
and the per-unit amount of both externalities.
e.Describe a government policy that would
result in an efficient outcome.
5. Greater consumption of alcohol leads to more
motor vehicle accidents and, thus, imposes costs
on people who do not drink and drive.
a.Illustrate the market for alcohol, labeling
the demand curve, the social-value curve,
the supply curve, the social-cost curve, the
market equilibrium level of output, and the
efficient level of output.
b.On your graph, shade the area corresponding
to the deadweight loss of the market
equilibrium. (Hint: The deadweight loss
occurs because some units of alcohol are
consumed for which the social cost exceeds
the social value.) Explain.
6. Many observers believe that the levels of
pollution in our society are too high.
a.If society wishes to reduce overall pollution
by a certain amount, why is it efficient to
have different amounts of reduction at
different firms?
b.Command-and-control approaches often rely
on uniform reductions among firms. Why
are these approaches generally unable to
target the firms that should undertake bigger
reductions?
c. Economists argue that appropriate corrective
taxes or tradable pollution rights will result
PROblEMSAnd APPlICATIOnS
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Dueto electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove addi
theft. The Club (a steering wheel lock) makes it
difficult for a car thief to take your car. Lojack
(a tracking system) makes it easier for the police
to catch the car thief who has stolen it. Which
of these types of protection conveys a negative
externality on other car owners? Which conveys
a positive externality? Do you think there are
any policy implications of your analysis?
2. Do you agree with the following statements?
Why or why not?
a. “The benefits of corrective taxes as a way to
reduce pollution have to be weighed against
the deadweight losses that these taxes cause.”
b. “When deciding whether to levy a corrective
tax on consumers or producers, the
government should be careful to levy the
tax on the side of the market generating the
externality.”
3. Consider the market for fire extinguishers.
a. Why might fire extinguishers exhibit positive
externalities?
b. Draw a graph of the market for fire
extinguishers, labeling the demand curve, the
social-value curve, the supply curve, and the
social-cost curve.
c. Indicate the market equilibrium level of
output and the efficient level of output.
Give an intuitive explanation for why these
quantities differ.
d. If the external benefit is $10 per extinguisher,
describe a government policy that would
yield the efficient outcome.
4. A local drama company proposes a new
neighborhood theater in San Francisco. Before
approving the building permit, the city planner
completes a study of the theater’s impact on the
surrounding community.
a. One finding of the study is that theaters
attract traffic, which adversely affects the
community. The city planner estimates that
the cost to the community from the extra
traffic is $5 per ticket. What kind of an
externality is this? Why?
b. Graph the market for theater tickets, labeling
the demand curve, the social-value curve,
the supply curve, the social-cost curve, the
market equilibrium level of output, and the
efficient level of output. Also show the
per-unit amount of the externality.
c. Upon further review, the city planner
uncovers a second externality. Rehearsals
for the plays tend to run until late at night,
with actors, stagehands, and other theater
members coming and going at various hours.
The planner has found that the increased
foot traffic improves the safety of the
surrounding streets, an estimated benefit to
the community of $2 per ticket. What kind of
externality is this? Why?
d. On a new graph, illustrate the market for
theater tickets in the case of these two
externalities. Again, label the demand curve,
the social-value curve, the supply curve, the
social-cost curve, the market equilibrium
level of output, the efficient level of output,
and the per-unit amount of both externalities.
e. Describe a government policy that would
result in an efficient outcome.
5. Greater consumption of alcohol leads to more
motor vehicle accidents and, thus, imposes costs
on people who do not drink and drive.
a. Illustrate the market for alcohol, labeling
the demand curve, the social-value curve,
the supply curve, the social-cost curve, the
market equilibrium level of output, and the
efficient level of output.
b. On your graph, shade the area corresponding
to the deadweight loss of the market
equilibrium. (Hint: The deadweight loss
occurs because some units of alcohol are
consumed for which the social cost exceeds
the social value.) Explain.
6. Many observers believe that the levels of
pollution in our society are too high.
a. If society wishes to reduce overall pollution
by a certain amount, why is it efficient to
have different amounts of reduction at
different firms?
b. Command-and-control approaches often rely
on uniform reductions among firms. Why
are these approaches generally unable to
target the firms that should undertake bigger
reductions?
c. Economists argue that appropriate corrective
taxes or tradable pollution rights will result
PROblEMSAnd APPlICATIOn S
214 PART Iv The economics of The Public secTor
1. Consider two ways to protect your car from
theft. The Club (a steering wheel lock) makes it
difficult for a car thief to take your car. Lojack
(a tracking system) makes it easier for the police
to catch the car thief who has stolen it. Which
of these types of protection conveys a negative
externality on other car owners? Which conveys
a positive externality? Do you think there are
any policy implications of your analysis?
2. Do you agree with the following statements?
Why or why not?
a.“The benefits of corrective taxes as a way to
reduce pollution have to be weighed against
the deadweight losses that these taxes cause.”
b.“When deciding whether to levy a corrective
tax on consumers or producers, the
government should be careful to levy the
tax on the side of the market generating the
externality.”
3. Consider the market for fire extinguishers.
a.Why might fire extinguishers exhibit positive
externalities?
b.Draw a graph of the market for fire
extinguishers, labeling the demand curve, the
social-value curve, the supply curve, and the
social-cost curve.
c. Indicate the market equilibrium level of
output and the efficient level of output.
Give an intuitive explanation for why these
quantities differ.
d.If the external benefit is $10 per extinguisher,
describe a government policy that would
yield the efficient outcome.
4. A local drama company proposes a new
neighborhood theater in San Francisco. Before
approving the building permit, the city planner
completes a study of the theater’s impact on the
surrounding community.
a.One finding of the study is that theaters
attract traffic, which adversely affects the
community. The city planner estimates that
the cost to the community from the extra
traffic is $5 per ticket. What kind of an
externality is this? Why?
b.Graph the market for theater tickets, labeling
the demand curve, the social-value curve,
the supply curve, the social-cost curve, the
market equilibrium level of output, and the
efficient level of output. Also show the
per-unit amount of the externality.
c. Upon further review, the city planner
uncovers a second externality. Rehearsals
for the plays tend to run until late at night,
with actors, stagehands, and other theater
members coming and going at various hours.
The planner has found that the increased
foot traffic improves the safety of the
surrounding streets, an estimated benefit to
the community of $2 per ticket. What kind of
externality is this? Why?
d.On a new graph, illustrate the market for
theater tickets in the case of these two
externalities. Again, label the demand curve,
the social-value curve, the supply curve, the
social-cost curve, the market equilibrium
level of output, the efficient level of output,
and the per-unit amount of both externalities.
e.Describe a government policy that would
result in an efficient outcome.
5. Greater consumption of alcohol leads to more
motor vehicle accidents and, thus, imposes costs
on people who do not drink and drive.
a.Illustrate the market for alcohol, labeling
the demand curve, the social-value curve,
the supply curve, the social-cost curve, the
market equilibrium level of output, and the
efficient level of output.
b.On your graph, shade the area corresponding
to the deadweight loss of the market
equilibrium. (Hint: The deadweight loss
occurs because some units of alcohol are
consumed for which the social cost exceeds
the social value.) Explain.
6. Many observers believe that the levels of
pollution in our society are too high.
a.If society wishes to reduce overall pollution
by a certain amount, why is it efficient to
have different amounts of reduction at
different firms?
b.Command-and-control approaches often rely
on uniform reductions among firms. Why
are these approaches generally unable to
target the firms that should undertake bigger
reductions?
c. Economists argue that appropriate corrective
taxes or tradable pollution rights will result
PROblEMSAnd APPlICATIOnS
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Dueto electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove addi
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1. Hãy xem xét hai cách để bảo vệ chiếc xe của bạn từ trộm cắp. Câu lạc bộ (một khóa ban chỉ đạo wheel) làm cho nó khó khăn cho một tên trộm xe để lấy xe của bạn. Lojack (một hệ thống theo dõi) làm cho nó dễ dàng hơn cho cảnh sát để bắt kẻ trộm xe người đã đánh cắp nó. Mà Các loại bảo vệ truyền tải một tiêu cực externality ngày khác chủ sở hữu xe? Đó truyền tải một externality tích cực? Bạn có nghĩ rằng có những bất kỳ ý nghĩa chính sách phân tích của bạn?2. bạn có đồng ý với các điều khoản sau đây? Tại sao hay tại sao không?a. "những lợi ích của các loại thuế khắc phục như một cách để giảm ô nhiễm phải được cân nặng chống lại deadweight thiệt hại gây ra các thuế." sinh "khi quyết định tiền một sửa sai thuế trên người tiêu dùng hoặc nhà sản xuất, các chính phủ nên cẩn thận để tiền các thuế ở mặt bên của thị trường tạo ra các externality."3. xem xét thị trường để chữa cháy.a. tại sao có thể cháy triển lãm tích cực externalities?b. vẽ đồ thị của thị trường cho lửa Bình chữa cháy, ghi nhãn đường cong nhu cầu, các giá trị xã hội đường cong, cong cung cấp, và các đường cong chi phí xã hội.c. chỉ ra mức độ cân bằng thị trường của sản lượng và mức độ hiệu quả của sản lượng. Cung cấp cho một lời giải thích trực quan cho lý do tại sao đây với số lượng khác nhau.mất nếu lợi ích bên ngoài là $10 cho mỗi bình, Mô tả một chính sách chính phủ nào mang lại kết quả hiệu quả.4. một công ty địa phương kịch đề xuất một mới khu phố các nhà hát ở San Francisco. Trước khi phê duyệt giấy phép xây dựng, công cụ hoạch định thành phố hoàn thành một nghiên cứu về tác động của nhà hát trên các cộng đồng xung quanh.a. một phát hiện của nghiên cứu là rạp chiếu phim thu hút lưu lượng truy cập, bất lợi sẽ ảnh hưởng đến các cộng đồng. Công cụ hoạch định thành phố ước tính mà chi phí cho cộng đồng từ thêm lưu lượng truy cập là $5 cho mỗi vé. Những gì loại một externality là điều này? Tại sao?sinh đồ thị thị trường cho vé theater, ghi nhãn đường cong nhu cầu, đường cong giá trị xã hội, đường cong cung cấp, các đường cong chi phí xã hội, các thị trường cân bằng mức sản lượng, và các mức độ hiệu quả của sản lượng. Cũng cho thấy các một đơn vị các số tiền của externality.c. khi tiếp tục xem xét, công cụ hoạch định thành phố khám phá một externality thứ hai. Rút cho các vở kịch có xu hướng để chạy cho đến khi muộn vào ban đêm, với diễn viên, stagehands và nhà hát khác thành viên đến và đi vào những giờ khác nhau. Công cụ hoạch định đã tìm thấy rằng sự gia tăng giao thông chân cải thiện sự an toàn của các đường phố xung quanh, một lợi ích ước tính để cộng đồng $2 cho mỗi vé. Những loại của externality là điều này? Tại sao?mất trên một đồ thị mới, minh họa cho thị trường Nhà hát vé trong trường hợp của hai externalities. Một lần nữa, nhãn đường cong nhu cầu, đường cong giá trị xã hội, các đường cong cung cấp, các đường cong chi phí xã hội, cân bằng thị trường mức độ đầu ra, mức độ hiệu quả của sản lượng, và mỗi đơn vị, số cả hai externalities.e. Mô tả một chính sách chính phủ nào dẫn đến một kết quả hiệu quả.5. lớn hơn tiêu thụ rượu dẫn đến nhiều hơn nữa tai nạn xe có động cơ, và do đó, áp đặt chi phí trên những người không uống rượu và lái xe.a. minh họa cho thị trường cho rượu, ghi nhãn đường cong nhu cầu, đường cong giá trị xã hội, đường cong cung cấp, các đường cong chi phí xã hội, các thị trường cân bằng mức sản lượng, và các mức độ hiệu quả của sản lượng.b. trên biểu đồ của bạn, che khuất khu vực tương ứng để mất deadweight của thị trường cân bằng. (Gợi ý: mất deadweight xảy ra bởi vì một số đơn vị của rượu là tiêu thụ cho mà vượt quá chi phí xã hội giá trị xã hội.) Giải thích.6. nhiều nhà quan sát tin rằng mức độ của ô nhiễm trong xã hội của chúng tôi là quá cao.a. nếu xã hội mong muốn giảm thiểu ô nhiễm tổng thể bởi một số tiền nhất định, tại sao là nó hiệu quả để có các số tiền khác nhau của giảm tại công ty khác nhau?sinh phương pháp tiếp cận lệnh-và-kiểm soát thường dựa Ngày thống nhất cắt giảm trong số công ty. Tại sao là những phương pháp tiếp cận thường không thể nhắm mục tiêu các công ty nên thực hiện lớn hơn cắt giảm?c. kinh tế tranh luận rằng sửa sai thích hợp thuế hoặc ô nhiễm tradable quyền sẽ dẫn đến Ứng dụng PROblEMSAnd S214 phần Iv kinh tế của khu vực1. Hãy xem xét hai cách để bảo vệ chiếc xe của bạn từ trộm cắp. Câu lạc bộ (một khóa ban chỉ đạo wheel) làm cho nó khó khăn cho một tên trộm xe để lấy xe của bạn. Lojack (một hệ thống theo dõi) làm cho nó dễ dàng hơn cho cảnh sát để bắt kẻ trộm xe người đã đánh cắp nó. Mà Các loại bảo vệ truyền tải một tiêu cực externality ngày khác chủ sở hữu xe? Đó truyền tải một externality tích cực? Bạn có nghĩ rằng có những bất kỳ ý nghĩa chính sách phân tích của bạn?2. bạn có đồng ý với các điều khoản sau đây? Tại sao hay tại sao không?một."Những lợi ích của các loại thuế khắc phục như một cách để giảm ô nhiễm phải được cân nặng chống lại deadweight thiệt hại gây ra các thuế." b."Khi quyết định tiền một sửa sai thuế trên người tiêu dùng hoặc nhà sản xuất, các chính phủ nên cẩn thận để tiền các thuế ở mặt bên của thị trường tạo ra các externality."3. xem xét thị trường để chữa cháy.a.Why có thể cháy triển lãm tích cực externalities?b.Draw một đồ thị của thị trường cho lửa Bình chữa cháy, ghi nhãn đường cong nhu cầu, các giá trị xã hội đường cong, cong cung cấp, và các đường cong chi phí xã hội.c. chỉ ra mức độ cân bằng thị trường của sản lượng và mức độ hiệu quả của sản lượng. Cung cấp cho một lời giải thích trực quan cho lý do tại sao đây với số lượng khác nhau.d.If lợi ích bên ngoài là $10 cho mỗi bình, Mô tả một chính sách chính phủ nào mang lại kết quả hiệu quả.4. một công ty địa phương kịch đề xuất một mới khu phố các nhà hát ở San Francisco. Trước khi phê duyệt giấy phép xây dựng, công cụ hoạch định thành phố hoàn thành một nghiên cứu về tác động của nhà hát trên các cộng đồng xung quanh.a.One phát hiện của nghiên cứu là rạp chiếu phim thu hút lưu lượng truy cập, bất lợi sẽ ảnh hưởng đến các cộng đồng. Công cụ hoạch định thành phố ước tính mà chi phí cho cộng đồng từ thêm lưu lượng truy cập là $5 cho mỗi vé. Những gì loại một externality là điều này? Tại sao?b.Graph trên thị trường cho nhà hát vé, ghi nhãn đường cong nhu cầu, đường cong giá trị xã hội, đường cong cung cấp, các đường cong chi phí xã hội, các thị trường cân bằng mức sản lượng, và các mức độ hiệu quả của sản lượng. Cũng cho thấy các một đơn vị các số tiền của externality.c. khi tiếp tục xem xét, công cụ hoạch định thành phố khám phá một externality thứ hai. Rút cho các vở kịch có xu hướng để chạy cho đến khi muộn vào ban đêm, với diễn viên, stagehands và nhà hát khác thành viên đến và đi vào những giờ khác nhau. Công cụ hoạch định đã tìm thấy rằng sự gia tăng giao thông chân cải thiện sự an toàn của các đường phố xung quanh, một lợi ích ước tính để cộng đồng $2 cho mỗi vé. Những loại của externality là điều này? Tại sao?d.On mới đồ thị, minh họa cho thị trường Nhà hát vé trong trường hợp của hai externalities. Một lần nữa, nhãn đường cong nhu cầu, đường cong giá trị xã hội, các đường cong cung cấp, các đường cong chi phí xã hội, cân bằng thị trường mức độ đầu ra, mức độ hiệu quả của sản lượng, và mỗi đơn vị, số cả hai externalities.e.Describe một chính sách chính phủ nào dẫn đến một kết quả hiệu quả.5. lớn hơn tiêu thụ rượu dẫn đến nhiều hơn nữa tai nạn xe có động cơ, và do đó, áp đặt chi phí trên những người không uống rượu và lái xe.a.Illustrate trên thị trường cho rượu, ghi nhãn đường cong nhu cầu, đường cong giá trị xã hội, đường cong cung cấp, các đường cong chi phí xã hội, các thị trường cân bằng mức sản lượng, và các mức độ hiệu quả của sản lượng.b.On đồ thị của bạn, màu tích tương ứng để mất deadweight của thị trường cân bằng. (Gợi ý: mất deadweight xảy ra bởi vì một số đơn vị của rượu là tiêu thụ cho mà vượt quá chi phí xã hội giá trị xã hội.) Giải thích.6. nhiều nhà quan sát tin rằng mức độ của ô nhiễm trong xã hội của chúng tôi là quá cao.xã hội a.If mong muốn giảm thiểu ô nhiễm tổng thể bởi một số tiền nhất định, tại sao là nó hiệu quả để có các số tiền khác nhau của giảm tại công ty khác nhau?phương pháp tiếp cận b.Command và kiểm soát thường dựa Ngày thống nhất cắt giảm trong số công ty. Tại sao là những phương pháp tiếp cận thường không thể nhắm mục tiêu các công ty nên thực hiện lớn hơn cắt giảm?c. kinh tế tranh luận rằng sửa sai thích hợp thuế hoặc ô nhiễm tradable quyền sẽ dẫn đến PROblEMSAnd ứng dụngBản quyền 2011 Cengage học tập. All Rights Reserved. Có thể không được sao chép, quét, hoặc trùng lặp, toàn bộ hoặc một phần. Dueto điện tử quyền, một số nội dung bên thứ ba có thể được bị đàn áp từ eBook và/hoặc eChapter(s). Biên tập review đã coi là rằng bất kỳ nội dung bị đàn áp không vật chất ảnh hưởng đến tổng thể kinh nghiệm học tập. Cengage học tập có quyền loại bỏ g
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1. Consider two ways to protect your car from
theft. The Club (a steering wheel lock) makes it
difficult for a car thief to take your car. Lojack
(a tracking system) makes it easier for the police
to catch the car thief who has stolen it. Which
of these types of protection conveys a negative
externality on other car owners? Which conveys
a positive externality? Do you think there are
any policy implications of your analysis?
2. Do you agree with the following statements?
Why or why not?
a. “The benefits of corrective taxes as a way to
reduce pollution have to be weighed against
the deadweight losses that these taxes cause.”
b. “When deciding whether to levy a corrective
tax on consumers or producers, the
government should be careful to levy the
tax on the side of the market generating the
externality.”
3. Consider the market for fire extinguishers.
a. Why might fire extinguishers exhibit positive
externalities?
b. Draw a graph of the market for fire
extinguishers, labeling the demand curve, the
social-value curve, the supply curve, and the
social-cost curve.
c. Indicate the market equilibrium level of
output and the efficient level of output.
Give an intuitive explanation for why these
quantities differ.
d. If the external benefit is $10 per extinguisher,
describe a government policy that would
yield the efficient outcome.
4. A local drama company proposes a new
neighborhood theater in San Francisco. Before
approving the building permit, the city planner
completes a study of the theater’s impact on the
surrounding community.
a. One finding of the study is that theaters
attract traffic, which adversely affects the
community. The city planner estimates that
the cost to the community from the extra
traffic is $5 per ticket. What kind of an
externality is this? Why?
b. Graph the market for theater tickets, labeling
the demand curve, the social-value curve,
the supply curve, the social-cost curve, the
market equilibrium level of output, and the
efficient level of output. Also show the
per-unit amount of the externality.
c. Upon further review, the city planner
uncovers a second externality. Rehearsals
for the plays tend to run until late at night,
with actors, stagehands, and other theater
members coming and going at various hours.
The planner has found that the increased
foot traffic improves the safety of the
surrounding streets, an estimated benefit to
the community of $2 per ticket. What kind of
externality is this? Why?
d. On a new graph, illustrate the market for
theater tickets in the case of these two
externalities. Again, label the demand curve,
the social-value curve, the supply curve, the
social-cost curve, the market equilibrium
level of output, the efficient level of output,
and the per-unit amount of both externalities.
e. Describe a government policy that would
result in an efficient outcome.
5. Greater consumption of alcohol leads to more
motor vehicle accidents and, thus, imposes costs
on people who do not drink and drive.
a. Illustrate the market for alcohol, labeling
the demand curve, the social-value curve,
the supply curve, the social-cost curve, the
market equilibrium level of output, and the
efficient level of output.
b. On your graph, shade the area corresponding
to the deadweight loss of the market
equilibrium. (Hint: The deadweight loss
occurs because some units of alcohol are
consumed for which the social cost exceeds
the social value.) Explain.
6. Many observers believe that the levels of
pollution in our society are too high.
a. If society wishes to reduce overall pollution
by a certain amount, why is it efficient to
have different amounts of reduction at
different firms?
b. Command-and-control approaches often rely
on uniform reductions among firms. Why
are these approaches generally unable to
target the firms that should undertake bigger
reductions?
c. Economists argue that appropriate corrective
taxes or tradable pollution rights will result
PROblEMSAnd APPlICATIOn S
214 PART Iv The economics of The Public secTor
1. Consider two ways to protect your car from
theft. The Club (a steering wheel lock) makes it
difficult for a car thief to take your car. Lojack
(a tracking system) makes it easier for the police
to catch the car thief who has stolen it. Which
of these types of protection conveys a negative
externality on other car owners? Which conveys
a positive externality? Do you think there are
any policy implications of your analysis?
2. Do you agree with the following statements?
Why or why not?
a.“The benefits of corrective taxes as a way to
reduce pollution have to be weighed against
the deadweight losses that these taxes cause.”
b.“When deciding whether to levy a corrective
tax on consumers or producers, the
government should be careful to levy the
tax on the side of the market generating the
externality.”
3. Consider the market for fire extinguishers.
a.Why might fire extinguishers exhibit positive
externalities?
b.Draw a graph of the market for fire
extinguishers, labeling the demand curve, the
social-value curve, the supply curve, and the
social-cost curve.
c. Indicate the market equilibrium level of
output and the efficient level of output.
Give an intuitive explanation for why these
quantities differ.
d.If the external benefit is $10 per extinguisher,
describe a government policy that would
yield the efficient outcome.
4. A local drama company proposes a new
neighborhood theater in San Francisco. Before
approving the building permit, the city planner
completes a study of the theater’s impact on the
surrounding community.
a.One finding of the study is that theaters
attract traffic, which adversely affects the
community. The city planner estimates that
the cost to the community from the extra
traffic is $5 per ticket. What kind of an
externality is this? Why?
b.Graph the market for theater tickets, labeling
the demand curve, the social-value curve,
the supply curve, the social-cost curve, the
market equilibrium level of output, and the
efficient level of output. Also show the
per-unit amount of the externality.
c. Upon further review, the city planner
uncovers a second externality. Rehearsals
for the plays tend to run until late at night,
with actors, stagehands, and other theater
members coming and going at various hours.
The planner has found that the increased
foot traffic improves the safety of the
surrounding streets, an estimated benefit to
the community of $2 per ticket. What kind of
externality is this? Why?
d.On a new graph, illustrate the market for
theater tickets in the case of these two
externalities. Again, label the demand curve,
the social-value curve, the supply curve, the
social-cost curve, the market equilibrium
level of output, the efficient level of output,
and the per-unit amount of both externalities.
e.Describe a government policy that would
result in an efficient outcome.
5. Greater consumption of alcohol leads to more
motor vehicle accidents and, thus, imposes costs
on people who do not drink and drive.
a.Illustrate the market for alcohol, labeling
the demand curve, the social-value curve,
the supply curve, the social-cost curve, the
market equilibrium level of output, and the
efficient level of output.
b.On your graph, shade the area corresponding
to the deadweight loss of the market
equilibrium. (Hint: The deadweight loss
occurs because some units of alcohol are
consumed for which the social cost exceeds
the social value.) Explain.
6. Many observers believe that the levels of
pollution in our society are too high.
a.If society wishes to reduce overall pollution
by a certain amount, why is it efficient to
have different amounts of reduction at
different firms?
b.Command-and-control approaches often rely
on uniform reductions among firms. Why
are these approaches generally unable to
target the firms that should undertake bigger
reductions?
c. Economists argue that appropriate corrective
taxes or tradable pollution rights will result
PROblEMSAnd APPlICATIOnS
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Dueto electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove addi
theft. The Club (a steering wheel lock) makes it
difficult for a car thief to take your car. Lojack
(a tracking system) makes it easier for the police
to catch the car thief who has stolen it. Which
of these types of protection conveys a negative
externality on other car owners? Which conveys
a positive externality? Do you think there are
any policy implications of your analysis?
2. Do you agree with the following statements?
Why or why not?
a. “The benefits of corrective taxes as a way to
reduce pollution have to be weighed against
the deadweight losses that these taxes cause.”
b. “When deciding whether to levy a corrective
tax on consumers or producers, the
government should be careful to levy the
tax on the side of the market generating the
externality.”
3. Consider the market for fire extinguishers.
a. Why might fire extinguishers exhibit positive
externalities?
b. Draw a graph of the market for fire
extinguishers, labeling the demand curve, the
social-value curve, the supply curve, and the
social-cost curve.
c. Indicate the market equilibrium level of
output and the efficient level of output.
Give an intuitive explanation for why these
quantities differ.
d. If the external benefit is $10 per extinguisher,
describe a government policy that would
yield the efficient outcome.
4. A local drama company proposes a new
neighborhood theater in San Francisco. Before
approving the building permit, the city planner
completes a study of the theater’s impact on the
surrounding community.
a. One finding of the study is that theaters
attract traffic, which adversely affects the
community. The city planner estimates that
the cost to the community from the extra
traffic is $5 per ticket. What kind of an
externality is this? Why?
b. Graph the market for theater tickets, labeling
the demand curve, the social-value curve,
the supply curve, the social-cost curve, the
market equilibrium level of output, and the
efficient level of output. Also show the
per-unit amount of the externality.
c. Upon further review, the city planner
uncovers a second externality. Rehearsals
for the plays tend to run until late at night,
with actors, stagehands, and other theater
members coming and going at various hours.
The planner has found that the increased
foot traffic improves the safety of the
surrounding streets, an estimated benefit to
the community of $2 per ticket. What kind of
externality is this? Why?
d. On a new graph, illustrate the market for
theater tickets in the case of these two
externalities. Again, label the demand curve,
the social-value curve, the supply curve, the
social-cost curve, the market equilibrium
level of output, the efficient level of output,
and the per-unit amount of both externalities.
e. Describe a government policy that would
result in an efficient outcome.
5. Greater consumption of alcohol leads to more
motor vehicle accidents and, thus, imposes costs
on people who do not drink and drive.
a. Illustrate the market for alcohol, labeling
the demand curve, the social-value curve,
the supply curve, the social-cost curve, the
market equilibrium level of output, and the
efficient level of output.
b. On your graph, shade the area corresponding
to the deadweight loss of the market
equilibrium. (Hint: The deadweight loss
occurs because some units of alcohol are
consumed for which the social cost exceeds
the social value.) Explain.
6. Many observers believe that the levels of
pollution in our society are too high.
a. If society wishes to reduce overall pollution
by a certain amount, why is it efficient to
have different amounts of reduction at
different firms?
b. Command-and-control approaches often rely
on uniform reductions among firms. Why
are these approaches generally unable to
target the firms that should undertake bigger
reductions?
c. Economists argue that appropriate corrective
taxes or tradable pollution rights will result
PROblEMSAnd APPlICATIOn S
214 PART Iv The economics of The Public secTor
1. Consider two ways to protect your car from
theft. The Club (a steering wheel lock) makes it
difficult for a car thief to take your car. Lojack
(a tracking system) makes it easier for the police
to catch the car thief who has stolen it. Which
of these types of protection conveys a negative
externality on other car owners? Which conveys
a positive externality? Do you think there are
any policy implications of your analysis?
2. Do you agree with the following statements?
Why or why not?
a.“The benefits of corrective taxes as a way to
reduce pollution have to be weighed against
the deadweight losses that these taxes cause.”
b.“When deciding whether to levy a corrective
tax on consumers or producers, the
government should be careful to levy the
tax on the side of the market generating the
externality.”
3. Consider the market for fire extinguishers.
a.Why might fire extinguishers exhibit positive
externalities?
b.Draw a graph of the market for fire
extinguishers, labeling the demand curve, the
social-value curve, the supply curve, and the
social-cost curve.
c. Indicate the market equilibrium level of
output and the efficient level of output.
Give an intuitive explanation for why these
quantities differ.
d.If the external benefit is $10 per extinguisher,
describe a government policy that would
yield the efficient outcome.
4. A local drama company proposes a new
neighborhood theater in San Francisco. Before
approving the building permit, the city planner
completes a study of the theater’s impact on the
surrounding community.
a.One finding of the study is that theaters
attract traffic, which adversely affects the
community. The city planner estimates that
the cost to the community from the extra
traffic is $5 per ticket. What kind of an
externality is this? Why?
b.Graph the market for theater tickets, labeling
the demand curve, the social-value curve,
the supply curve, the social-cost curve, the
market equilibrium level of output, and the
efficient level of output. Also show the
per-unit amount of the externality.
c. Upon further review, the city planner
uncovers a second externality. Rehearsals
for the plays tend to run until late at night,
with actors, stagehands, and other theater
members coming and going at various hours.
The planner has found that the increased
foot traffic improves the safety of the
surrounding streets, an estimated benefit to
the community of $2 per ticket. What kind of
externality is this? Why?
d.On a new graph, illustrate the market for
theater tickets in the case of these two
externalities. Again, label the demand curve,
the social-value curve, the supply curve, the
social-cost curve, the market equilibrium
level of output, the efficient level of output,
and the per-unit amount of both externalities.
e.Describe a government policy that would
result in an efficient outcome.
5. Greater consumption of alcohol leads to more
motor vehicle accidents and, thus, imposes costs
on people who do not drink and drive.
a.Illustrate the market for alcohol, labeling
the demand curve, the social-value curve,
the supply curve, the social-cost curve, the
market equilibrium level of output, and the
efficient level of output.
b.On your graph, shade the area corresponding
to the deadweight loss of the market
equilibrium. (Hint: The deadweight loss
occurs because some units of alcohol are
consumed for which the social cost exceeds
the social value.) Explain.
6. Many observers believe that the levels of
pollution in our society are too high.
a.If society wishes to reduce overall pollution
by a certain amount, why is it efficient to
have different amounts of reduction at
different firms?
b.Command-and-control approaches often rely
on uniform reductions among firms. Why
are these approaches generally unable to
target the firms that should undertake bigger
reductions?
c. Economists argue that appropriate corrective
taxes or tradable pollution rights will result
PROblEMSAnd APPlICATIOnS
Copyright 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Dueto electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove addi
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- the ship and freight
- Hello my friend MhThanks alot for gettin
- เข้าใจทำจริงๆนะn'haขอบใจแทนทุกคนจริงๆน่า
- this year is a unlucky year of me
- The R arose from a primaeval G-like alga
- Hello my friend MhThanks alot for gettin
- The R arose from a primaeval G-like alga
- phục vụ tại chỗ
- you can be sure you are being wisely. We
- Ça va s'exprimer mr tuan
- Bạn có thấy hình tôi không?chừng na
- Tro choi hang dau
- you volunteered willingly, right?/it was
- xin lỗi đã để bạn đợi
- Le desertLutter contreLa desertification
- you can be sure you are being wisely. We
- you volunteered willingly, right?/it was
- Engaging on best practices in standards,
- you can be sure you are being wisely. We
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