The variety of risks to which banks are exposed justifies looking at the aspects
reflected in the CAMELS framework. Typically, a portfolio is vulnerable to credit risk,
liquidity risk, and market risk (including interest rate, exchange rate, equity price, and
commodity price risks). Shocks affect the portfolios of financial institutions either directly through changes in the value of financial assets that are marked-to-market, or indirectly
through changes in the financial position of debtors that reduce the credit quality of loan
portfolios. Financial system vulnerability increases when shocks hit portfolios that are not
liquid, hedged or diversified enough, and when there is insufficient capital to absorb the
shocks.
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