Intensive care units are often the epicenter of ESBL pro- duction in hospitals—in one large outbreak, more than 40% af all the hospital’s ESBL-producing organisms were from pa- tients in intensive care units (147). As was noted in the pre- ESBL era, neonatal intensive care units can also be a focus of infections with multiply resistant klebsiellae (6, 38, 121, 217,348, 386, 387, 408). Intensive care units in tertiary referral hospitals may acquire patients already colonized with ESBL- producing organisms, thereby triggering an outbreak of infec- tion (147, 363, 364).Transfer of genotypically related ESBLs from hospital to hospital within a single city (40, 256, 351, 439), from city to city(439), and from country to country (128, 147, 365, 439) has been documented. A notable clone has been an SHV-4-pro- ducing, serotype K-25 isolate of Klebsiella pneumoniae which has spread to multiple hospitals in France and Belgium (439). Another notable dissemination has been of a TEM-24-produc- ing Enterobacter aerogenes clone in France, Spain, and Belgium (68, 108, 119). Intercontinental transfer has also been de-scribed (365).Although ESBL-producing organisms can be introduced into intensive care units, epidemics of infection from intensive care units to other parts of the hospital have been well docu- mented to occur (37, 182, 363). Likewise, ESBLs may sponta- neously evolve outside of the intensive care unit. Units noted to have been affected by outbreaks include neurosurgical (37), burns (339), renal (131), obstetrics and gynecology (132), he-matology and oncology (163, 270), and geriatric units (149, 268). Nursing homes and chronic care facilities may also be a focus of infections with ESBL-producing organisms. In these settings, clonal spread has also been documented (54, 343, 419).
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