We use corporate social responsibility measures from Kinder, Lydenberg, and Domini (KLD) of 2888firms between 1991 and2011. These KLD measure scores cover seven dimensions: community relations (com), corporate governance (cg), diversity (div),employee relations (emp), environment (env), human rights (hum), and product safety (pro). Each dimension is rated yearlybased on a number of positive (strength) and negative (weakness) indicators. These indicators are dummy variables that aregiven a score of 1 if a particular strength (or weakness) is present and otherwise 0. The total number of indicators has variedfrom 54 in 1991 to the highest of 74 in 2007. The strengths and weaknesses for each ESG dimension are then aggregated togive an overall score for that dimension. Several popular aggregation methods are used in previous studies based on KLD data(e.g.,Chatterji et al., 2009; Kempf and Ostho, 2007). However,Manescu (2011)points out some potential limitations of these aggregation methods, including the lack of comparability across years and dimensions, due to the varying number of indicators overtime, and the inflated KLD scores for industries that are not sensitive to certain ESG dimensions (such as the environment, community relations, human rights, and employee relations)
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