Pol l en l oad com p osi ti on an d si ze i n the l eafcu tti n g b eeMegachi l e rot undat a (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)*Ruth P. O’Neill1, Kevin M. O’Neill21 Department of Animal and Range Sciences and Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology,Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA2 Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USAReceived 31 December 2009 – Revised 7 May 2010 – Accepted 10 May 2010Abstract – We examined how the species composition and volumes of pollen loads of Megachile rotundatavaried seasonally and among females of different body sizes. Alfalfa and mustards (Brassicaceae) made up,on average, 88–95% of the pollen load volumes in each of three seasonal samples; in total, the 300 femalessampled carried ten different pollen types. Because of variation in pollen grain size among plant species,estimates of the contribution of different species to pollen loads, based on pollen counts only, differed fromthose adjusted for pollen grain size. The overall size of pollen loads, as well as the contribution of alfalfadeclined seasonally, while that for mustards (with smaller individual grain sizes) increased. The type ofpollen carried by females did not vary with body size, but we found a significant relationship betweenfemale size and the size of the largest loads. Surprisingly, females of intermediate size carried the largestpollen loads, whether measured by counts or volume.Megach i l e rot u n dat a / alfalfa / pollen load composition / seasonal variation / body size1. INTRODUCTIONThe alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachilerotundata L. is used widely in westernNorth America as a managed pollinator ofseed alfalfa (lucerne, Medicago sativa L.)(Pitts-Singer, 2008). Females are solitary nestprovisioners that, in managed populations,nest in dense aggregations in alfalfa fieldswithin artificial “bee shelters”. The shelterscontain large arrays of closely-spaced nesttunnels within polystyrene or wood blocks.Though valuable as an alfalfa pollinator, females collect pollen from a wide range offlowering species, both in confined experimental conditions (Horne, 1995; Small et al.,1997) and within seed alfalfa fields (Jensenet al., 2003; O’Neill et al., 2004). Data onCorresponding author: K.M. O’Neill,koneill@montana.edu* Manuscript editor: Stan Schneiderthe species composition and size of pollenloads carried by female solitary bees can provide answers to various of questions regarding the foraging behavior and ecology of bees.One question relates to their effectiveness aspollinators, which is partly reflected in thecomposition and purity of their pollen loads(Ne’eman et al., 1999). Another set of questions concerns the foraging behavior of bees:by determining the frequency distribution ofpollen types present on females, one can assess resource utilization and, under some conditions, foraging ranges (Beil et al., 2008). Assessment of pollen loads can also be used instudies of parental investment: by evaluating
the size and nutritional value of pollen loads,
one can examine the fitness costs and benefits
associated with different foraging tactics, body
sizes, and resource types (Neff, 2008).
Our previous studies of the pollen loads M.
rotundata focused on how the relative abundances of alternative pollen sources in the
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