APPENDIXBCalculation for Drag Damping on a Vibrating Flat PlateFigure B-1 ahowa the model for this analyaia. This ia a aingle degree-of-freedom syatem, but it can be uaed to illustrate the damping mechanism observed on the turbine blade. The masa, in, atiffneas, k, and damping, c, represent the modal masa, modal atiffnesa, and modal damping of a FloWind 19-in VAWT blade oscillating in the firat blade flatwise mode. The physical motion of the blade is represented by u(t). For a blade this motion would actually be a function of the distance along the blade. However, for these calculations, it will be assumed that the displacement is uniform. The mean wind velocity and direction is denoted by V and assumed to be steady. Figure B-1. Oscillating flat plate which ia normal to a windThe equation of motion for this representative eingle degree-of-freedom syatem isgiven by: where F(t is the external forcing function caueed by the interaction of the plate with the wind. This forcing function ia given below [18): sgn(V)where Cq is the effective coefficient of drag of the turbine blade; A is the effective area of the blade that is normal to the wind direction; and sgn(V) is the sign of V. The blade is assumed to be oriented flatwise to the wind. The mass density of the air is given by p. The total relative velocity of the blade and the air is: Uaing a wind velocity of 30 ft/a and a modal frequency of 2.5 Hz, the followingequation results: It can be seen from thia example that the additional modal damping due to aero-drag effects ia 1.2to . Referring to Table 1, the increase in damping found when using NEzT W88 1•1 fio 8fld 1.3t« for the first blade flatwiae antiaymmetric and Bym2tletric modaa, respectively. The agreement ia coincidental to be aure; however, the aero-drag mecha- nism analyzed above could explain the different damping valuea found by NExT for the flatwise modea. References J.P. Lauffer, T.G. Came, and A.R. Nord, “Mini-Modal Testing of Wind Turbines Using Novel Excitation,” Proceedings o[ the 3rd International Modal Analysis Conference, Orlando, FL, ‹lanuary 28-31, 198é.[2] T.G. Carrie, J.P. Lauffer, A.J. Gomez, and H. Benjannet, “Modal Testing an Immense Flexible Structure Using Natural and Artificial Excitation,” Z’he Inter- national Journal o[ Analytical and Experimental Modal Analy»is, The Society of Experimental Mechanics, October 1988, pp. 117—122. J.P. Lauffer, T.G. Carrie, and A.J. Gomez, “Modal Survey of the 34-in Test Bed Turbine,” Sandia National Laboratories Internal Memo to P.C. Klimas of Division 6225, June 7, 1988. [4] [6][7] [9] [12] [14] G.H. James, T.G. Came, and P.S. Veers, “Damping Measurements Using Operational Data,” Proceedings o[ the 10th ASME Wind Energy ! ymposium, Houston, TX, Januar y 20-23, 1991.G.H. James and T.G. Carrie, “Damping Measurements on Operating Wind Turbines Using the Natural Excitation Technique (NExT)," Proceedings o[ the llth ASME Wind Energy ! ymposium, Houston, TX, Januar y 26-30, 1992.
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