CHAPTER 3—PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS3.1 —Test ageThe selection of mixture proportions can be influenced bythe age at which the strength level is required. Because mosthigh-strength concrete mixtures use fly ash, silica fume, slag cement, or other cementitious materials, high-strength concrete can gain considerable strength after the normally specified 28-day age. To take advantage of this characteristic, many specifications for the compressive strength of high- strength concrete have been modified from the typical 28-day criterion to 56 days, 90 days, or later ages.′3.2 —Required average compressive strength fcrACI 318 allows concrete mixtures to be proportionedbased on field experience or laboratory trial batches. To meet the specified compressive strength requirement, fc′ , the concrete should be designed to achieve the required average compressive strength fc′r . To do so, the concrete mixture is proportioned in such a manner that the average compressive strength results of field tests exceed fc′ by an amount high enough to reduce the number of low test results.3.2.1 Proportioning based on field experience—When the concrete producer chooses to select high-strength concrete mixture proportions based on field experience, the required average compressive strength fc′r , used as the basis for the selection of concrete proportions, should be the larger of the values calculated from the following two equationsfc′r = fc′ + 1.34s (3-1)fc′r = 0.90fc′ + 2.33s (3-2) where s is a sample standard deviation from 30 tests.Equation (3-1) is Eq. (5-1) of ACI 318. Equation (3-2) is Eq. (5-3) of ACI 318. Equation (3-1) is based on the proba- bility of 1-in-100 that the average of three consecutive testsmay be below fc′ . Equation (3-2) is based on the same prob- ability that an individual test may be less than 0.90fc′ . These equations use the population standard deviation, appropriatefor an infinite or very large number of tests. At least 30 tests are preferred to estimate the population standard deviation. Refer to ACI 214R when fewer tests are available.3.2.2 Proportioning based on trial batches—When the concrete producer selects high-strength concrete proportions on the basis of laboratory trial batches, fc′r may be determined fromfc′r = 1.10fc′ + 700 psi (3-3)Where the average strength documentation is based on laboratory trial mixtures, it may be appropriate to increase fc′r from Eq. (3-3) in accordance with ACI 214R to allow for a reduction in strength from laboratory trials to actual concrete production.To assume that the average strength of field-produced concrete will equal the strength of a laboratory-batched concrete is contrary to experience because many factors controlled in the laboratory can influence the strength and variability measurements in the field. Initial use of a high- strength concrete mixture in the field may require some adjustments in proportions for air content and yield and for
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