a-Olefin sulfonates are prepared by the reaction of sulfur trioxide with linear a- olefins. The resulting products are a mixture of alkene sulfonates and primarily 3- and 4-hydroxyalkane sulfonates. The a-olefin sulfonates are gaining acceptance for use in detergents and other consumer products because of their tendency to be less irritating to the skin and their greater biodegradability.The alkyl sulfonate salts can be prepared in a number of ways and have been the subject of considerable patent activity. They have not, however, achieved the wide- spread utility of the corresponding sulfates, primarily because of the easier and more economical methods for the synthesis of the esters and their better detergent activity. Special members of this class, the perfluoroalkyl sulfonates, have gained a great deal of attention because of their enhanced and sometimes unique surfactant properties. Although such materials are expensive relative to the analogous hydro- carbons, their great stability in harsh conditions and their enhanced surface activity at very low concentrations make the extra cost palatable in specialized applications. These materials will be discussed more fully in the subsequent discussions of fluori- nated surfactants in general.
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