Art Nouveau (c.1890-1914)Contents•

Art Nouveau (c.1890-1914)

Contents

• Introduction
• Definition, Characteristics
• Designs
• History
• Evolution
• Applications
• Art Nouveau Decorative Glass and Jewellery
• Art Nouveau Architecture
• Famous Art Nouveau Artists
• Legacy


Art Nouveau Staircase (1893-7)
Emile Tassel House, Brussels.
Design by architect Victor Horta,
member of Les Vingt artist group.

DESIGN STYLES and MOVEMENTS
For details of late 19th-century and
early 20th century styles of art and
design, see: Modern Art Movements.
For details of contemporary art
design styles since the 1960s,
see: Contemporary Art Movements.
For Art Nouveau's significance
for graphic design, see:
History of Poster Art.

Introduction

Art Nouveau was an innovative international style of modern art that became fashionable from about 1890 to the First World War. Arising as a reaction to 19th-century designs dominated by historicism in general and neoclassicism in particular, it promulgated the idea of art and design as part of everyday life. Henceforth artists should not overlook any everyday object, no matter how functional it might be. This aesthetic was considered to be quite revolutionary and new, hence its name - New Art - or Art Nouveau. Hence also the fact that it was applied to a host of different forms including architecture, fine art, applied art, and decorative art. Rooted partly in the Industrial Revolution, and the Arts and Crafts Movement, but also influenced by Japonism (especially Ukiyo-e prints by artists like Hokusai and his younger contemporary Hiroshige) and Celtic designs, Art Nouveau was given a major boost by the 1900 Exposition Universelle in Paris. After this, it spread across Europe and as far as the United States and Australia, under local names like Jugendstil (Germany), Stile Liberty (Italy), Sezessionstil (Austria) and Tiffany style (America). A highly decorative idiom, Art Nouveau typically employed intricate curvilinear patterns of sinuous asymetrical lines, often based on plant-forms (sometimes derived from La Tene forms of Celtic art). Floral and other plant-inspired motifs are popular Art Nouveau designs, as are female silhouettes and forms. Employing a variety of materials, the style was used in architecture, interior design, glassware, jewellery, poster art and illustration, as well as painting and sculpture. The movement was replaced in the 1920s by Art Deco.


Salome (1892) Art Nouveau drawing
by Aubrey Beardsley (1872-98).


EVOLUTION OF ART & DESIGN
For details of movements and
styles, see: History of Art.
For the chronology and dates
of key events in the evolution
of visual arts and design,
see: History of Art Timeline.

ARTISTS SINCE 1800
For details of the best modern
painters, since 1800, see:
Famous Painters.

WORLD'S GREATEST ARTWORKS
For a list of the Top 10 painters/
sculptors: Best Artists of All Time.

Art Nouveau is usually deemed a matter of 'style' rather than a philosophy: but, in fact, distinctive ideas and not only fanciful desires prompted its appearance. Common to all the most consistently Art Nouveau creators was a determination to push beyond the bounds of historicism - that exaggerated concern with the notions of the past which characterises the greater part of 19th-century design: they sought, in a fresh analysis of function and a close study of natural forms, a new aesthetic. It is true that the outer reaches of Art Nouveau are full of mindless pattern-making but there was, at and around the centre, a marvellous sequence of works in which the decorative and the functional fuse to novel and compelling effect. Art Nouveau means much more than a single look or mood: we are reminded of tall grasses in light wind, or swirling lines of stormy water, or intricate vegetation - all stemming from organic nature: an interest in which should be understood as proceeding from a sense of life's order lost or perverted amidst urban industrial stress.

ARTISTS AND DESIGNERS
In addition to those mentioned in
the text, here is a short list of
noted Art Nouveau designers.
Aubrey Beardsley (1872-1898)
Ivan Bilibin (1876-1942)
Walter Crane (1845-1915)
Jules Cheret (1836-1932)
Eugene Grasset (1845-1917)
Gustav Klimt (1862-1918)
E. M. Lilien (1874-1925)
Jozef Mehoffer (1869-1946)
Alphonse Mucha (1860-1939)
Jozsef Rippl-Ronai (1861-1927)
Valentin Serov (1865-1911)
Konstantin Somov (1869-1939)
Toulouse-Lautrec (1864-1901)
Janos Vaszary (1867-1939)
Stanislaw Wyspianski (1869-1907)
Eliseu Visconti (1866-1944)
FURNITURE DESIGNERS
These include:
Eugene Gaillard (1862-1933)
Louis Majorelle (1859-1926)

GLASS DESIGNERS
Famous Art Nouveau glass
designers include:
Émile Galle(1846-1904)
René Lalique (1860-1945)
Louis Tiffany (1848-1933)
Auguste Daum (1853-1909)
Antonin Daum (1864-1930)
DECORATIVE ARTISTS
Famous Art Nouveau designers
in the decorative arts include:
Vilmos Zsolnay (1828-1900)
Hermann Obrist (1863-1927)
Will H. Bradley (1868-1962)
Georges de Feure (1868-1943)
Artus Van Briggle (1869-1904)

Definition, Characteristics

There is no single definition or meaning of Art Nouveau. But the following are distinguishing factors. (1) Art Nouveau philosophy was in favour of applying artistic designs to everyday objects, in order to make beautiful things available to everyone. No object was too utilitarian to be "beautified". (2) Art Nouveau saw no separation in principle between fine art (painting and sculpture) and applied or decorative arts (ceramics, furniture, and other practical objects). (3) In content, the style was a reaction to a world of art which was dominated by the precise geometry of Neoclassical forms. It sought a new graphic design language, as far away as possible from the historical and classical models employed by the arts academies. (4) Art Nouveau remains something of an umbrella term which embraces a variety of stylistic interpretations: some artists used new low-cost materials and mass production methods while others used more expensive materials and valued high craftsmanship.

Types of Designs

In line with with the Art Nouveau philosophy that art should become part of everyday life, it employed flat, decorative patterns that could be used in all art forms. Typical decorative elements include leaf and tendril motifs, intertwined organic forms, mostly curvaceous in shape, although right-angled designs were also prevalent in Scotland and in Austria. Art made in this style typically depicted lavish birds, flowers, insects and other zoomorphs, as well as the hair and curvaceous bodies of beautiful women. For Art Nouveau architectural designs, see the exaggerated bulbous forms of the Spanish architect Antoni Gaudi (1852-1926), and the stylistic Parisian Metro entrances of Hector Guimard (1867-1942).



History of Art Nouveau

The term "Art Nouveau" stemmed from the name of the Parisian art gallery, called "La Maison de l'Art Nouveau", owned by the avant-garde art-collector Siegfried Bing (1838-1905), which showcased works created in the Art Nouveau style. The gallery's reputation and fame was considerably boosted by its installations of modern furniture, tapestries and objets d'art at the 1900 Exposition Universelle, after which the gallery's name became almost synonymous with the style.

At the same time, in Belgium the style was promoted by Les Vingt and La Libre Esthetique, while in Germany the style was popularized and promoted by a magazine called Jugend: Münchner illustrierte Wochenschrift für Kunst und Leben (Youth: the illustrated weekly magazine of art and lifestyle of Munich), which is why German Art Nouveau - along with that of the Netherlands, the Baltic and the Nordic countries - has since been known as "Jugendstil" (youth-style). In Austria, Art Nouveau was first popularized by artists of the Vienna Secession movement, leading to the adoption of the name "Sezessionstil". In fact, the Vienna Secessionists, like Joseph Maria Olbrich (1867-1908), influenced art and architecture throughout Austria-Hungary. In Germany, where Art Nouveau was known as Jugendstil, many of its leading practitioners came together again in 1907 as members of the Deutscher Werkbund (German Work Federation).

Other temporary names were used which reflected the novelty of the style, or its ribbon-like curvilinear designs. For example, in France it was also known as "le style moderne" or "le style nouille" (noodle style); in Spain, "arte joven" (young art); in Italy "arte nuova" and in the Netherlands "Nieuwe kunst" (both, new art). The style was also named after certain of its exponents or promoters. For instance, Hector Guimard's Parisian Metro entrances led to the temporary name "Style Metro"; in America the movement was called the "Tiffany style" due to its connection with the Art Nouveau glassmaker and jeweller Louis Comfort Tiffany.

Evolution of Art Nouveau

The origins of Art Nouveau are unclear, although most art historians agree that its roots lay in the English Arts and Crafts Movement, championed by the medievalist William Morris, as well as the flat-perspective and strong colours of Japanese woodcuts. This idiom was reinforced by the wave of Japonism that swept through Europe in the 1880s and 1890s, and by the decorative painting styles of Synthetism (Gauguin) and Cloisonnism (Bernard, Anquetin) developed at the Pont-Aven School in Brittany. For more details, please see: Post Impressionist Painting (1880-95).

As a movement, Art Nouveau shared certain features with Romanticism, the Pre-Raphaelites, the Symbolists, and the Arts and Crafts Movement, although each differed in various ways. For example, unlike Symbolist painting, Art Nouveau has a distinctive visual look; and, in contrast to the artisan-oriented Arts & Crafts Movement, Art Nouveau artists readily employed new materials, and did not turn their backs on mass-produced or machined surfaces.

Connections were also forged between practitioners of Jugendstil and Celtic-style artists, notably in the area of abstract patternwo

Kết quả (Việt) 1:

Art Nouveau (c.1890-1914)Nội dung• Giới thiệu• Định nghĩa, đặc điểm• Thiết kế• Lịch sử• Tiến hóa• Ứng dụng• Thủy tinh trang trí theo trào lưu tân nghệ thuật và đồ trang sức• Theo trào lưu tân nghệ thuật kiến trúc• Nghệ thuật nổi tiếng theo phong trào Tân nghệ sĩ• Di sảnCầu thang theo trào lưu tân nghệ thuật (1893-7)Emile Tassel House, Brút-xen.Thiết kế bởi kiến trúc sư Victor Horta,thành viên của Les Vingt nghệ sĩ nhóm.Phong cách thiết kế và phong TRÀOĐể biết chi tiết vào cuối thế kỷ 19 vàđầu thế kỷ 20 phong cách nghệ thuật vàthiết kế, xem: phong trào nghệ thuật hiện đại.Để biết chi tiết của nghệ thuật đương đạiphong cách thiết kế từ thập niên 1960,xem: phong trào nghệ thuật đương đại.Cho ý nghĩa theo trào lưu tân nghệ thuậtđể thiết kế đồ họa, hãy xem:Lịch sử của Poster nghệ thuật.Giới thiệuArt Nouveau was an innovative international style of modern art that became fashionable from about 1890 to the First World War. Arising as a reaction to 19th-century designs dominated by historicism in general and neoclassicism in particular, it promulgated the idea of art and design as part of everyday life. Henceforth artists should not overlook any everyday object, no matter how functional it might be. This aesthetic was considered to be quite revolutionary and new, hence its name - New Art - or Art Nouveau. Hence also the fact that it was applied to a host of different forms including architecture, fine art, applied art, and decorative art. Rooted partly in the Industrial Revolution, and the Arts and Crafts Movement, but also influenced by Japonism (especially Ukiyo-e prints by artists like Hokusai and his younger contemporary Hiroshige) and Celtic designs, Art Nouveau was given a major boost by the 1900 Exposition Universelle in Paris. After this, it spread across Europe and as far as the United States and Australia, under local names like Jugendstil (Germany), Stile Liberty (Italy), Sezessionstil (Austria) and Tiffany style (America). A highly decorative idiom, Art Nouveau typically employed intricate curvilinear patterns of sinuous asymetrical lines, often based on plant-forms (sometimes derived from La Tene forms of Celtic art). Floral and other plant-inspired motifs are popular Art Nouveau designs, as are female silhouettes and forms. Employing a variety of materials, the style was used in architecture, interior design, glassware, jewellery, poster art and illustration, as well as painting and sculpture. The movement was replaced in the 1920s by Art Deco.Salome (1892) Art Nouveau drawingby Aubrey Beardsley (1872-98). EVOLUTION OF ART & DESIGNFor details of movements andstyles, see: History of Art.For the chronology and datesof key events in the evolutionof visual arts and design,see: History of Art Timeline.ARTISTS SINCE 1800For details of the best modernpainters, since 1800, see:Famous Painters.WORLD'S GREATEST ARTWORKSFor a list of the Top 10 painters/sculptors: Best Artists of All Time.Art Nouveau is usually deemed a matter of 'style' rather than a philosophy: but, in fact, distinctive ideas and not only fanciful desires prompted its appearance. Common to all the most consistently Art Nouveau creators was a determination to push beyond the bounds of historicism - that exaggerated concern with the notions of the past which characterises the greater part of 19th-century design: they sought, in a fresh analysis of function and a close study of natural forms, a new aesthetic. It is true that the outer reaches of Art Nouveau are full of mindless pattern-making but there was, at and around the centre, a marvellous sequence of works in which the decorative and the functional fuse to novel and compelling effect. Art Nouveau means much more than a single look or mood: we are reminded of tall grasses in light wind, or swirling lines of stormy water, or intricate vegetation - all stemming from organic nature: an interest in which should be understood as proceeding from a sense of life's order lost or perverted amidst urban industrial stress.
ARTISTS AND DESIGNERS
In addition to those mentioned in
the text, here is a short list of
noted Art Nouveau designers.
Aubrey Beardsley (1872-1898)
Ivan Bilibin (1876-1942)
Walter Crane (1845-1915)
Jules Cheret (1836-1932)
Eugene Grasset (1845-1917)
Gustav Klimt (1862-1918)
E. M. Lilien (1874-1925)
Jozef Mehoffer (1869-1946)
Alphonse Mucha (1860-1939)
Jozsef Rippl-Ronai (1861-1927)
Valentin Serov (1865-1911)
Konstantin Somov (1869-1939)
Toulouse-Lautrec (1864-1901)
Janos Vaszary (1867-1939)
Stanislaw Wyspianski (1869-1907)
Eliseu Visconti (1866-1944)
FURNITURE DESIGNERS
These include:
Eugene Gaillard (1862-1933)
Louis Majorelle (1859-1926)

GLASS DESIGNERS
Famous Art Nouveau glass
designers include:
Émile Galle(1846-1904)
René Lalique (1860-1945)
Louis Tiffany (1848-1933)
Auguste Daum (1853-1909)
Antonin Daum (1864-1930)
DECORATIVE ARTISTS
Famous Art Nouveau designers
in the decorative arts include:
Vilmos Zsolnay (1828-1900)
Hermann Obrist (1863-1927)
Will H. Bradley (1868-1962)
Georges de Feure (1868-1943)
Artus Van Briggle (1869-1904)

Definition, Characteristics

There is no single definition or meaning of Art Nouveau. But the following are distinguishing factors. (1) Art Nouveau philosophy was in favour of applying artistic designs to everyday objects, in order to make beautiful things available to everyone. No object was too utilitarian to be "beautified". (2) Art Nouveau saw no separation in principle between fine art (painting and sculpture) and applied or decorative arts (ceramics, furniture, and other practical objects). (3) In content, the style was a reaction to a world of art which was dominated by the precise geometry of Neoclassical forms. It sought a new graphic design language, as far away as possible from the historical and classical models employed by the arts academies. (4) Art Nouveau remains something of an umbrella term which embraces a variety of stylistic interpretations: some artists used new low-cost materials and mass production methods while others used more expensive materials and valued high craftsmanship.

Types of Designs

In line with with the Art Nouveau philosophy that art should become part of everyday life, it employed flat, decorative patterns that could be used in all art forms. Typical decorative elements include leaf and tendril motifs, intertwined organic forms, mostly curvaceous in shape, although right-angled designs were also prevalent in Scotland and in Austria. Art made in this style typically depicted lavish birds, flowers, insects and other zoomorphs, as well as the hair and curvaceous bodies of beautiful women. For Art Nouveau architectural designs, see the exaggerated bulbous forms of the Spanish architect Antoni Gaudi (1852-1926), and the stylistic Parisian Metro entrances of Hector Guimard (1867-1942).



History of Art Nouveau

The term "Art Nouveau" stemmed from the name of the Parisian art gallery, called "La Maison de l'Art Nouveau", owned by the avant-garde art-collector Siegfried Bing (1838-1905), which showcased works created in the Art Nouveau style. The gallery's reputation and fame was considerably boosted by its installations of modern furniture, tapestries and objets d'art at the 1900 Exposition Universelle, after which the gallery's name became almost synonymous with the style.

At the same time, in Belgium the style was promoted by Les Vingt and La Libre Esthetique, while in Germany the style was popularized and promoted by a magazine called Jugend: Münchner illustrierte Wochenschrift für Kunst und Leben (Youth: the illustrated weekly magazine of art and lifestyle of Munich), which is why German Art Nouveau - along with that of the Netherlands, the Baltic and the Nordic countries - has since been known as "Jugendstil" (youth-style). In Austria, Art Nouveau was first popularized by artists of the Vienna Secession movement, leading to the adoption of the name "Sezessionstil". In fact, the Vienna Secessionists, like Joseph Maria Olbrich (1867-1908), influenced art and architecture throughout Austria-Hungary. In Germany, where Art Nouveau was known as Jugendstil, many of its leading practitioners came together again in 1907 as members of the Deutscher Werkbund (German Work Federation).

Other temporary names were used which reflected the novelty of the style, or its ribbon-like curvilinear designs. For example, in France it was also known as "le style moderne" or "le style nouille" (noodle style); in Spain, "arte joven" (young art); in Italy "arte nuova" and in the Netherlands "Nieuwe kunst" (both, new art). The style was also named after certain of its exponents or promoters. For instance, Hector Guimard's Parisian Metro entrances led to the temporary name "Style Metro"; in America the movement was called the "Tiffany style" due to its connection with the Art Nouveau glassmaker and jeweller Louis Comfort Tiffany.

Evolution of Art Nouveau

The origins of Art Nouveau are unclear, although most art historians agree that its roots lay in the English Arts and Crafts Movement, championed by the medievalist William Morris, as well as the flat-perspective and strong colours of Japanese woodcuts. This idiom was reinforced by the wave of Japonism that swept through Europe in the 1880s and 1890s, and by the decorative painting styles of Synthetism (Gauguin) and Cloisonnism (Bernard, Anquetin) developed at the Pont-Aven School in Brittany. For more details, please see: Post Impressionist Painting (1880-95).

As a movement, Art Nouveau shared certain features with Romanticism, the Pre-Raphaelites, the Symbolists, and the Arts and Crafts Movement, although each differed in various ways. For example, unlike Symbolist painting, Art Nouveau has a distinctive visual look; and, in contrast to the artisan-oriented Arts & Crafts Movement, Art Nouveau artists readily employed new materials, and did not turn their backs on mass-produced or machined surfaces.

Connections were also forged between practitioners of Jugendstil and Celtic-style artists, notably in the area of abstract patternwo