There are two broad groups of bacteria of public health importance that may contaminate products at the time of capture: (i) those that are normally or incidentally present in the aquatic environment, referred to as indigenous microflora: and (ii) those introduced through environmental contamination by domestic and/or industrial wastes. Examples of indigenous bacteria that may pose a health hazard are Aeromonas hydrophyla, Clostridium botulinum, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio vulnificus, and Listeria monocytogenes. Non-indigenous bacteria of public health significance include members of the Enterobacteriaceae, such as Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. and Escherichia coli. Other species that cause foodborne illness and that have occasionally been isolated from fish are Edwardsiella tarda, Pleisomonas shigeloides and Yersinia enterocolitica. Staphyloccocus aureus may also appear and may produce heat-resistant toxins.
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