1. giới thiệuProjectappraisalistheprocessofcomparingvirtuesanddeficienciesofaproject. Thetaskistodeterminethecon-sequencesofaprojectandtohandlethisknowledge. ITISobviousthataprojectisonlyfeasibleifthevirtuescompensateforthedeficienciesandthatthebestprojectistheonewheretheVì vậy-callednetgainisthegreatest. Thechallengeistofindamethodtodescribethecriteriainawaythatmakesthemcomparableandtofindarationalandtrustworthymethodtocomparethecriteria. Theo truyền thống, withintransportappraisalofinfrastructureprojects, acost-benefitanalysis (CBA) isappliedestimatingandtotalingtheequivalentmoneyvalueofrespec-tivelythebenefitsandcoststothecommunityofprojectsinordertoestablishwhethertheyareapplicabletothesocietyorkhông. Extensiveliteratureonthiswell-establishedanddebatedprocessintransportisavailable — xem, forexample Pearmanetal.(2003), Grant-Mulleretal. (2001), và Leleur(2000). OneofthemajorpitfallsintheapplicationofCBAisthelackofminh bạch (mostoftenpoliticiansarefacedwithasinglepointrateofreturn)andthelackofdata(ShortandKopp,2005).Vì vậy, thedeterministicsinglepointoutputcriteriaaspresentedfromtheCBAapproacharemostoftenbasedupon'' bestguess
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