The elements of the d-block are usually referred to astransition metals and have an incomplete outer d-shellof electrons. In a strict sense, Zn with its electron configuration[Ar]3d104s2 is not a member of this group,and actually shows quite similar chemical propertiesto alkali-earth elements. Since most textbooks treat theelements of the Zn group together with the transitionmetals, here we also discuss it along with copper andsome of the refractory metals [10.24,25,104]. Titanium,tungsten, molybdenum, and tantalum as hard, mechanicallyand thermally durable materials are listed aftereach other in this section. Not only their physical butalso their chemical properties – stemming from theirrelatively low standard reduction potentials – tie theseelements together.
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