C10. Philology (1)_____the traditional study of language, especially of written languages in their cultural settings. Because philology (2)_____with the relationship of languages, it is usually comparative; because these relationships evolve (3)_____time, it is typically historical. Languages (4)_____ to change in the direction of greater diversity; one language tends to be superseded by several: a (5)_____“dead” language preserves evidence of the earlier forms from which “living” languages developed. The descendants of Latin have diverged to the point that, though Italian is related (6)_____English, they are now foreign to each other as is their common “parent” to both. Also cultures change the meaning and use of many words. In English, piano is a keyboard (7)_____; in Italian piano not only names the instrument, it also means “soft” as opposed to “loud”. The original name for the instrument was pianoforte (soft-loud), because it was more (8) _____of varying sound volume than instruments like the harpsichord that came before it. The special meaning of the Italian phrase results from its (9)_____context and the distinctive feature of the instrument it names. But in English and other languages, we abbreviate it to piano. The English word still (10)_____the same instrument but the abbreviation discards “and loud" from the original Italian phrase and hence becomes a name and not a description.
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