In an influential study, Joseph Grady (1997a) addresses this problem by propos- ing that there are two kinds of metaphor: primary metaphor and compound metaphor. While primary metaphors are foundational, compound metaphors are constructed from the unification of primary metaphors. Grady’s central claim, which marks his approach as distinct from earlier work in Conceptual Metaphor Theory, is that primary metaphors conventionally associate concepts that are equally ‘basic’, in the sense that they are both directly experienced and perceived. This means that Grady rejects the view that the distinction between the target and source of a metaphoric mapping relates to abstract versus con- crete concepts. Instead, Grady argues that the distinction between target and source relates to degree of subjectivity rather than how clearly delineated or how abstract a concept is. This view means that the Invariance Principle is redundant because the foundational primary metaphors, upon which more complex metaphor systems are based, are not viewed as providing an ‘abstract’ target with ‘missing’ structure. Consider the following examples of primary metaphors proposed by Grady, together with example sentences.
đang được dịch, vui lòng đợi..
