Earthworks adjacent to structures. Earthworks operations adjacent to structures are frequently carried out separately from the main earthworks operations and can be considered in the following categories:a) filling over large pipes and culverts of either concrete or metal construction. In these cases it is important that fill is brought up equally on each side of the structure to prevent unbalanced loading and that great care is taken with the first layers of fill over the top of the structure;b) against abutment and wing walls of bridges and retaining walls of all kinds;c) around and between skeleton abutments, buried piers and bank seats.Because satisfactory compaction of fill adjacent to structures is often more difficult to achieve owing to the restricted nature of the operation, it is usual practice to specify special types of fill, such as selected granular materials or pulverized fuel ash, in the immediate area of the structure. Satisfactory compaction to reduce to a minimum differential settlement between backfill and structure is important enough to warrant the additional expense. Both the type of compaction plant and the method of compaction may have to be modified from those used in general embankment construction. The possible development of horizontal forces on foundations or on piles should be considered
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