General Aspects 11.1. Defining Acid

General Aspects 1
1.1. Defining Acidity 1
1.1.1. Acids and Bases 1
1.1.2. The pH Scale 3
1.1.3. Acidity Functions 4
1.2. Definition of Superacids 6
1.2.1. Range of Acidities 7
1.3. Types of Superacids 9
1.3.1. Primary Superacids 10
1.3.2. Binary Superacids 10
1.3.3. Ternary Superacids 10
1.3.4. Solid Superacids 10
1.4. Experimental Techniques for Acidity Measurements
(Protic Acids) 11
1.4.1. Spectrophotometric Method 11
1.4.2. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Methods 13
1.4.2.1. Chemical Shift Measurements 15
1.4.2.2. Exchange Rate Measurements Based
on Line-Shape Analysis (DNMR:
Dynamic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) 18
1.4.3. Electrochemical Methods 20
1.4.4. Chemical Kinetics 20
1.4.5. Heats of Protonation of Weak Bases 22
1.4.6. Theoretical Calculations and Superacidity
in the Gas Phase 22
1.4.7. Estimating the Strength of Lewis Acids 23
1.4.8. Experimental Techniques Applied to Solid Acids 2
Superacid Systems 35
2.1. Primary Superacids 35
2.1.1. Brønsted Superacids 35
2.1.1.1 Perchloric Acid 35
2.1.1.2. Chlorosulfuric Acid 36
2.1.1.3. Fluorosulfuric Acid 37
2.1.1.4. Perfluoroalkanesulfonic Acids 38
2.1.1.5. Hydrogen Fluoride 40
2.1.1.6. Carborane Superacids H(CB11HR5X6) 41
2.1.2. Lewis Superacids 42
2.1.2.1. Antimony Pentafluoride 42
2.1.2.2. Arsenic Pentafluoride 44
2.1.2.3. Phosphorus Pentafluoride 44
2.1.2.4. Tantalum and Niobium Pentafluoride 44
2.1.2.5. Boron Trifluoride 44
2.1.2.6. Tris(pentafluorophenyl) Borane 45
2.1.2.7. Boron Tris(trifluoromethanesulfonate) 46
2.1.2.8. Aprotic Organic Superacids
(Vol’pin’s Systems) 46
2.2. Binary Superacids 47
2.2.1. Binary Brønsted Superacids 47
2.2.1.1. Hydrogen Fluoride–Fluorosulfuric Acid 47
2.2.1.2. Hydrogen Fluoride–Trifluoromethanesulfonic
Acid 47
2.2.1.3. Tetra(Hydrogen Sulfato)Boric Acid–Sulfuric
Acid 47
2.2.2. Conjugate Brønsted–Lewis Superacids 47
2.2.2.1. Oleums–Polysulfuric Acids 47
2.2.2.2. Fluorosulfuric Acid–Antimony Pentafluoride
(‘‘Magic Acid’’) 49
2.2.2.3. Fluorosulfuric Acid–Sulfur Trioxide 53
2.2.2.4. HSO3F–MFn(SO3F)5
n; n ¼ 3, 4,
M ¼ Nb, Ta 53
2.2.2.5. Fluorosulfuric Acid–Arsenic Pentafluoride 54
2.2.2.6. Perfluoroalkanesulfonic Acid–Based Systems 54
2.2.2.7. Hydrogen Fluoride–Antimony Pentafluoride
(Fluoroantimonic Acid) 56
2.2.2.8. Hydrogen Fluoride– Phosphorus Pentafluoride 59
2.2.2.9. Hydrogen Fluoride–Tantalum Pentafluoride 60

Kết quả (Việt) 2:

Các khía cạnh chung 1
1.1. Xác định độ chua 1
1.1.1. Axit và các căn cứ 1
1.1.2. The Scale pH 3
1.1.3. Chức năng Tính axit 4
1.2. Định nghĩa của Superacids 6
1.2.1. Phạm vi của các tính axít 7
1.3. Các loại Superacids 9
1.3.1. Tiểu Superacids 10
1.3.2. Binary Superacids 10
1.3.3. Ternary Superacids 10
1.3.4. Rắn Superacids 10
1.4. Kỹ thuật thực nghiệm cho phép đo độ chua
(axit proton) 11
1.4.1. Phương pháp quang phổ 11
1.4.2. Phương pháp cộng hưởng từ hạt nhân 13
1.4.2.1. Đo phím Shift Chemical 15
1.4.2.2. Đo tỷ giá Dựa
trên Line-Shape Analysis (DNMR:
Năng động, cộng hưởng từ hạt nhân) 18
1.4.3. Phương pháp điện hóa 20
1.4.4. Chemical Kinetics 20
1.4.5. Vòng đấu của proton Căn cứ yếu 22
1.4.6. Các tính toán lý thuyết và Superacidity
trong giai đoạn khí 22
1.4.7. Ước tính Sức Mạnh của axit Lewis 23
1.4.8. Kỹ thuật thử nghiệm áp dụng cho rắn axit 2
siêu axít Hệ thống 35
2.1. Tiểu Superacids 35
2.1.1. Bronsted Superacids 35
2.1.1.1 percloric Acid 35
2.1.1.2. Chlorosulfuric Acid 36
2.1.1.3. Fluorosulfuric Acid 37
2.1.1.4. Axit Perfluoroalkanesulfonic 38
2.1.1.5. Hydrogen Fluoride 40
2.1.1.6. Carborane Superacids H (CB11HR5X6) 41
2.1.2. Lewis Superacids 42
2.1.2.1. Antimony Pentafluoride 42
2.1.2.2. Arsenic Pentafluoride 44
2.1.2.3. Phosphorus Pentafluoride 44
2.1.2.4. Tantali và niobi Pentafluoride 44
2.1.2.5. Boron trifluoride 44
2.1.2.6. Tris (pentafluorophenyl) borane 45
2.1.2.7. Boron Tris (trifloromethansunfonat) 46
2.1.2.8. Proton có hữu Superacids
(Systems Vol'pin của) 46
2.2. Binary Superacids 47
2.2.1. Binary Bronsted Superacids 47
2.2.1.1. Hydrogen Fluoride-Fluorosulfuric Acid 47
2.2.1.2. Hydrogen Fluoride-Trifluoromethanesulfonic
Acid 47
2.2.1.3. Tetra (Hydrogen Sulfato) Boric Acid-Sulfuric
Acid 47
2.2.2. Conjugate Bronsted-Lewis Superacids 47
2.2.2.1. Oleums-Polysulfuric Acids 47
2.2.2.2. Fluorosulfuric Acid-Antimon Pentafluoride
('' Magic Acid '') 49
2.2.2.3. Fluorosulfuric Acid-Sulfur trioxide 53
2.2.2.4. HSO3F-MFN (SO3F) 5 n?; n ¼ 3, 4,
M ¼ Nb, Ta 53
2.2.2.5. Fluorosulfuric Acid-Asen Pentafluoride 54
2.2.2.6. Perfluoroalkanesulfonic Acid-Based Systems 54
2.2.2.7. Hydrogen Fluoride-Antimon Pentafluoride
(Acid Fluoroantimonic) 56
2.2.2.8. Hydrogen Fluoride- Phosphorus Pentafluoride 59
2.2.2.9. Hydrogen Fluoride-Tantali Pentafluoride 60