phases of sludge (i.e., supernatant and sediment) rarely have been reported in previous studies [3,4,28]. For this reason, the mass balance of PAHs and their fate in sludge before and after ultrasonic treatment are not clearly understood. For instance, to the best of our knowledge, there is no information on whether PAHs in sludge are physically degraded or simply moved from the solid phase (sediment) to the liquid phase (supernatant).The purpose of this study is to understand the overall fate of PAHs in sludge after ultrasonic treatment. We collected industrial wastewater sludge and ultrasonicated it under different conditions. Then, the concentrations and amounts of PAHs in the supernatant and sediment were analyzed separately, and the characteristics of sludge contamination with PAHs were investigated. Mass balance calculations and degradation experiments were also conducted. To our understanding, this is the first study to investigate the mass balance of PAHs in the different phases (the sediment and the dissolved and particulate phases of the supernatant) of wastewater sludge before and after ultrasonic treatment.
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