Coatings: The introduction of a physical barrier against contamination, with or without antimicrobial substances implemented into it (immobilized) to obtain a slow migration of these from the surface.Freezing: The lowering of temperature below the freezing point of the product combined with a reduction of the water activity. Freezing has microbiostatic as well as microbiocidal effects.Lactoferrin: Retardation through the utilization of naturally present glycoproteins (highest concentration in colostrum) to prolong the lag phases of bacteria for 12–14 hours, by binding iron in the presence of bicarbonate.
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