• There needs to be a liquid water phase, i.e., at least saturated pressure is necessary.2, 28, 113 • The feed needs to be submerged during the whole process.113 • The pH-value should be below 7 because alkaline conditions lead to a substantially different product.13, 39, 46 Due to byproducts, the pH value drops automatically during hydrothermal carbonization. • At present, the residence time cannot be limited to a meaningful range because reaction rates are largely unknown. Typical published experimental times varied between 1 and 72 h.
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