WHITE PAPER:THE GLOBAL COFFEE CRISIS TABLE OF CONTENTSPageI. INTRODUCTION 1II. THE HUMAN FACE OF THE CRISIS 1III. THE HARD NUMBERS 4A. Cause of the Coffee Crisis: Structural Oversupply of Coffee, DrivenPrimarily by Increasing Quantities of Defective Coffee 4B. There Has Been No Significant Consumer Benefit 10IV. MARKET STRATEGIES FOR A HEALTHY COFFEE MARKET 10A. The Role of Producing Countries: Self Help Strategies 111. Boost Demand While Increasing Consumers’ Awareness of Quality 112. Reduce Supply: Retention Schemes 123. Removing Defective Coffee 13B. The Role of Consuming Count ries: Standards and Transparency 14V. CONCLUSION 16- i - EXECUTIVE SUMMARYINTRODUCTIONThis White Paper provides background on an acute coffee crisis that threatens millions of small coffee farmers around the world and is putting economic growth, as well as social and political stability, at risk in scores of coffee producing countries in Central and South America, Africa and Asia. It also explores possible solutions to the crisis.The United States is one of fifty coffee producing countries. Its coffee producers have been hurt by the plunge in coffee prices to historic lows, but U.S. interests go well beyond the impact of the coffee crisis on U.S. producers. The United States also has vital economic, political and security interests in Mexico, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Peru, and other major Central and South American coffee producing countries that have been among the hardest hit by the crisis. The implications of the crisis for the U.S. economic, foreign and social policy are very serious.• When 44,000 coffee growers in Nicaragua cannot recoup their production costs and now face the loss of their lands, it threatens Nicaragua’s political stability.• When over 100,000 coffee farmers in Mexico may not harvest their crop because they would lose money doing so and peasants in Mexico’s coffee growing regions of Chiapas and Veracruz look to migrate to the United States, it retards Mexican development and puts even greater pressure on U.S. immigration policies.• When coffee farmers in Colombia, Peru and Ecuador have a strong economic incentive to switch from coffee production to illicit crops, it exacerbates an already serious regional concern about the spread of narco-terrorism.• When Colombia, Mexico and Central America, which together import more U.S. made products than any country except Canada, lose significant coffee export earnings, it harms U.S. industries and workers who manufacture the products exported to those countries.This White Paper contends that the United States and other consuming countries can take steps that will address the coffee crisis without incurring any significant economic or political costs.But the need for immediate action is urgent.THE PROBLEMToday’s crisis in coffee, the world’s most valuable (lawfully) traded commodity after oil, is unprecedented. It is structural in nature, not cyclical, and requires a structural solution. In brief, the expansion of coffee supply by non-traditional suppliers, especially Vietnam, coupled with higher output from some traditional suppliers (particularly Brazil), has created a glut of coffee that has driven coffee prices to historic lows -- i.e., levels that are far below the farmers’ cost of production. For the most part, the reasons for the glut are not market-driven.Through concerted government intervention, Vietnam has become, in just a few short years, the world’s second largest exporter of coffee. Vietnam’s coffee production began to grow after the fall of Saigon to the communist government in 1975 -- the initial funding came from the governments of East Germany and France. Since 1995, the growth in Vietnamese coffee production been explosive, with extensive government funding, an aggressive export promotion program and government seizure of the ancestral lands of Vietnam’s indigenous “Montagnard” people.1/ Moreover, because Vietnam’s coffee plantations are not, in any real sense, “market-oriented,” they have put ever increasing quantities of coffee on the world market without any apparent regard for price.The Vietnamese crop is “robusta” coffee, a lower quality, less flavorful coffee that is generally processed to meet lower quality standards than the traditional “arabica” coffeeproduced by Latin American growers.2/ Because other robusta producers (e.g., Indonesia, Brazil)were forced to follow Vietnam’s pricing lead, and because the low robusta prices have prompted coffee roasters to use more robusta in their retail blends,3/ the price problem spread quickly to arabica coffees as arabica producers struggled to maintain their share of the coffee market.The oversupply problem is exacerbated by increasing quantities of defective coffee beans and foreign matter in coffee mixtures as more low quality coffee enters the market.Traditionally, coffee producers would remove foreign matter and defects before exporting coffee. Today, cost cutting has resulted in less defect removal. Even more problematic is the sale of the removed defects, known in the trade as “triage,” to roasters who then use them in coffee blends. Quality in the U.S. market has become so low that imports destined for low-end blends often contain defective coffee beans such as black, moldy, under-ripe and sour or fermented beans. Arabica producers are essentially being required to compete on price against substances that would not have been marketed as coffee 10-20 years ago. Furthermore, the growth of low quality coffee imports has frustrated efforts to promote coffee consumption; simply put, it is very difficult to persuade people to drink more coffee when so much of the coffee on the market is substandard.
1/ See "Vietnamese Coffee Floods World Market" (Press Release) Montangard Human Rights Organization (Sept. 5, 2001).
2/ Ernesto Illy "The Complexity of Coffee" Scientific American (June 2002) at 86.
3/ See Peter Fritsch "Bitter Brew: An Oversupply of Coffee Beans Reepers Latin America's Woes Wall Street Journal (July 8, 2002) at A10.
A SOLUTION
A group of Central and South American washed arabica4/ producing countries -- i.e., Colombia, Mexico, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala and El Salvador -- believe that the best solution to the coffee crisis is to develop and enforce quality standards that take
defective coffee off the market.5/
Quality standards are accepted for scores of agricultural products. They can easily be extended to coffee. But to be effective, a quality control initiative cannot be limited to producing countries; a successful initiative must be complemented by action on the part of the major consuming countries, particularly the United States. Coffee producers in Hawaii are already subject to quality controls.6/ The most effective means of quality control is to apply minimum standards to all coffee sold in the United States. Under this approach there would be a minimum standard below which defective coffee could not be marketed as coffee, although it could be sold for other purposes such as caffeine extraction.
CONCLUSION
This White Paper has been prepared with input from the coffee producers of Hawaii, Colombia, Mexico, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras and El Salvador and the Specialty Coffee Association of America. It is meant to stimulate discussions among coffee producers in the Americas and their governments, and U.S. coffee interests and the U.S. government. The objective is to develop as broad a consensus as possible on the solutions to the coffee crisis, bearing in mind that the situation is critical and that the need for action is urgent.
4/ Coffee is produced in two primary varieties: Robusta and Arabica. Robustas are cheaper, generally have a harsh, bitter flavor and are used to produce instant coffee and blended with Arabicas to produce ground roast coffees. Arabicas are milder and more flavorful. Washed arabicas are the mildest and most flavorful and are used to produce the best blends and single origin coffees.
5/ See Communiqué of July 19, 2002.
6/ See Haw. Admin. Rules, §§ 4-43-6, 4-43-7 (2001).
WHITE PAPER: THE COFFEE CRISIS
I. INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this White Paper is to provide the background on an economic and human crisis that affects the U. S. coffee producing industry, the larger security and international economic interests of the United States, and more than 22 million people around the world who produce the second most valuable lawfully traded commodity in the world: coffee.
The coffee producers in Latin America who have assisted in the preparation of this White Paper are convinced that governments in coffee producing and consuming countries must act jointly to address the coffee crisis. At the same time, they believe that action must be carefully crafted; it should not (a) lead to an artificial rise in the price of coffee to consumers; (b) violate the spirit or the letter of WTO agreements or national laws; or (c) reduce competition in the U.S. market. The entire industry has an interest in making the coffee market work for the benefit of consumers, growers, roasters, and traders, here in the United States and around the world. Such action is both possible and urgently necessary.
II. THE HUMAN FACE OF THE CRISIS
“There’s no hope anymore with coffee. The price just keeps going down.” — Mercedes Martinez, unemployed Nicaraguan coffee worker and single mother of seven.1/
It is the human impact that makes the current conditions in coffee a “crisis.” Coffee provides a livelihood for over twenty-two million human beings worldwide,2/ but it is not an easy crop to harvest or process. Much of the farmer’s work must be done by hand, especially the work of producing arabica coffee, the fine, mild, aromatic coffee that represents a declining, but
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