The DNS database is arranged in a hierarchical manner, as illustrated in Figure 6.1. Thetop of the hierarchy is referred to as the root and is written as a single dot (.). Below theroot come the top -level domains (TLDs), such as .com, .edu, .mil, .us, and .uk. SomeTLDs are country code TLDs, such as .us (for the United States) and .uk (for the UnitedKingdom). As the United States originated the Internet, some TLDs are reserved for U.S.institutions, such as .mil for the U.S. military. The popular .com, .org, and .net TLDsare effectively international in scope. TLDs are further subdivided. Sometimes these referto individual businesses, institutions, or even people, as in sybex.com or oberlin.edu. Inother cases, another layer intervenes before individual registrants can claim a domain name.For instance, the .us TLD is divided into state - level domains, such as .ri.us for RhodeIsland; and the .uk TLD is divided into academic (.ac.uk), commercial (.co.uk), and othergroupings. Once a domain is registered, the domain’s owner may choose to subdivide itfurther or assign computers names directly under the domain name. One popular name iswww for a Web server, so www.oberlin.edu is Oberlin College’s main Web server, to namejust one example.
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