DATA SOURCE
The data to be analyzed were originally collected as part of employee surveys conducted
by ISR LLC, between 1992 and 2002. A total of 20,270 self-administered surveys was available
for analysis. A total of 19 countries on five continents is represented in these data.
Europe is somewhat overrepresented, with data contributed from 9 countries. Seven Asian
countries are additionally represented, along with 1 country each from North and South
America, plus Australia. The specific countries included are as follows: Australia, Belgium,
Brazil, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan,
Malaysia, Mexico, the Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Singapore, Turkey, and the United
Kingdom. The number of respondents within each of these countries is reported in Table 1.
All respondents completed a common core set of questions using 5-point Likert-type
response scales. As these were employee surveys, the questionnaire content was largely
restricted to questions concerned with employee satisfaction and work environment (the
specific wording of sample questions examined is available from the authors). Although the
precise number of questions varied somewhat across countries, the average number of items
included in each questionnaire was approximately 120. Most items were closed-ended and
employed 5-point Likert-type response formats. The predominant response format was the
following: disagree, tend to disagree, unsure, tend to agree, agree. Two less commonly
employed response formats included (a) very poor, poor, adequate, good, very good, and (b)
very dissatisfied, dissatisfied, neither,satisfied, very satisfied. Only items using the disagreeto-agree
format were included in these analyses. Questions were worded in a similar manner
and direction across all countries.1 Additional information was available with regard to several
person-level characteristics, including age, gender, and length of employment.
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