The practical solution to the problem was to step back and assigncharacteristics to electrons that accounted for both the uncertainty ofthe unobserved state of existence and for the certainty of the observedstate. It was hypothesized that electrons had a dual nature: on the onehand, the behaviour of an individual electron could not be forecast10 The logic of non-rational behaviour in financial marketswith any degree of certainty; on the other hand, the behaviour ofgroups of electrons could be forecast with a high degree of certainty.In other words, the solution lay within the mathematics of probabilitytheory, where a large number of uncertainties produce a certainty.Probability theory can, for example, determine with 100 per centaccuracy the half-life of any radioactive substance,8 despite the factthat the point in time when one particular radioactive atom will disintegrate is totally unpredictable.
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