aditional organizational management consisted of a behavior list approach, focusing on employee rewards and punishments in order to develop motivation and to provide for employee satisfaction and organizational sustainability.In a 1998 study of 2,143 executives in 23 nations, organizational culture was cited most frequently as the primary barrier preventing corporations from achieving business goals. John Kotter and James Hesket, authors of Corporate Culture and Performance, stated that, “By our calculations, the vast majority of firms currently do not have cultures that are sufficiently adaptive to produce excellent long-term economic performance in an increasingly competitive and challenging business environment.” Suffice it to say that the evidence is clear and compelling: the culture of the business is a competitive advantage. Culture helps us to make sense of things and establishes an environment that produces patterns of human interaction. Those organizations with truly integrated people process cultural practices, tactics and strategies have a superior environment that supports superb patterns of human interaction.According to Jeffery Pfeffer of Stanford University, high performing people-centered organizations are outperforming their counterparts by 30-40%. However, less than 10% of today’s organizations have been able to create such cultures.“Culture” refers to the underlying values, beliefs, norms and codes of practice that make a community what it is. Social customs, the personality and self-image of its members, the underlying assumptions, and the channels of communication that create and disseminate these characteristics are things that constitute the society or organization's culture. Culture is powerfully subjective and reflects the meanings and understandings that we typically attribute to situations, and the solutions that we apply to common problems.
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