The metal salts primarily used are iron salts (ferric and ferrous chlorides or sulphates) or aluminium sulphate. Lime has also been used but is less used now because it produces large quantities of sludge and an alkaline effluent. Published data suggest that a metal to total phosphorus (TP) ratio in excess of the 1: 1 stoichiometric ratio could be required (i) to achieve P removal. (ii) to overcome competing reactions, other ionic constituents. and wastewater alkalinity. and (iii) to coagulate suspended solids and colloids. The metal precipitant or coagulant should be selected on the basis of jar tests to determine which chemical and at what dosing level gives optimum results. Ferric salts are used in the 23small sewage-treatment works which practice Premoval in the UK. To achieve best results and optimal use of chemicals. the coagulant should be introduced to the process stream in a short-retention region of rapid mixing. Aerated grit traps, flumes and other turbulent areas have been selected for retrofit situations. although ideal mixing conditions may not have been achieved. Purpose-designed mixing chambers are likely to give best results. Flocculant materials such as polyelectrolytes improve solids capture and are frequently added downstream from the metal salt addition. A reten tion period of about 20 min has been found necessary for flocculation. with relatively gentle mixing to avoid damage to floes.
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