protocols. GPRS network is considered as 2.5G and differs from GSM architecture, Figure1, bythe addition of two new network elements, see Figure 2:• The Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN): performs security functions, mobilitymanagement and access control. SGSN resides at the same hierarchical level as a visited MSC(VMSC)/VLR• The Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN): used for inter-working with externalpacket-switched networks. GGSN has functions comparable to a gateway MSC (GMSC) andperforms comparable functions such as routing and mobility management.
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