2. Literature review Measuring performance of OSH management systems Main types and features of positive performance indicatorsAs mentioned above in Section 1.2, when searching for solu- tions allowing a better evaluation of the performance of OSH MSs’ operation, one should focus on making use of pro-active perfor- mance indicators, and in particular indicators of operational per- formance (within the meaning as introduced e.g. by Cambon et al., 2005). This is because the monitoring of such indicators’ val- ues will allow getting a picture of how processes operate at the shop-floor level within a given system, in contrast to measure- ments performed using structural performance indicators, which provide information only on the degree of design and formal implementation of individual components of the system.A slightly different presentation of PPIs was provided by Reiman and Pietikäinen (2010) and Reiman and Pietikäinen (2012), who introduced the division thereof into drive indicators and monitor indicators. Drive indicators allow the measurement of the degree of execution of selected actions in priority areas of the manage- ment system, such as leadership, competence management, hazard control, change management, etc. On the other hand, monitor indi- cators reflect the potential and ability of a given organization to operate safely. The indicators in question refer to such areas as: work and safety motivation, understanding of hazards, under- standing of safety, technological aspects of safety, or environmen- tal variability. A review of selected methods for measuring performance of safety management systemsIn the literature on the performance of safety management, there are many reports on both the implementation of framework methods of performance measurement, comprehensively covering various areas of safety management, and on the application of selected or single leading indicators, as well as their impact on the frequency of accidents or other safety outcomes. A large pro- portion of those reports concerns research and guidelines on appli- cation of methods of performance measurements in process safety management systems (i.e. in systems for the prevention of major industrial accidents in process industries), or in systems of safety management in road and air transport, etc. Although some of the conclusions on process safety indicators referred to in this litera- ture may include certain contributions to discussions in the domain of OSH management, due to the particular specificity thereof they do not allow to draw adequate and useful conclusions to be directly included in the domain of OSH. Therefore, in the fur- ther section, only the methods of performance measurement being typical and directly useful in the area of OSH MS are focused on.In this section, 5 selected methods of OSH MS performance measurement are briefly described: (1) Safety Element Method (SEM), (2) Universal Assessment Instrument (UAI), (3) Self-Diag- nostic OHS Tool, (4) Tripod Delta, and (5) Safety Climate Assess- ment Questionnaires. First 3 of those methods are included in the analysis conducted by Sgouru et al. (2010), which adopted the following evaluation criteria: (1) theoretical framework, (2) holistic features, (3) validation of the method, (4) required exper- tise, (5) flexibility, and (6) motivation for improvement. The results of this analysis show that none of the analysed methods suffi- ciently fulfils all the mentioned criteria; however, those criteria may provide a good basis for the selection of existing methods for specific applications, as well as for the development of new measurement methods. The descriptions of OSH MS performance measurement methods as provided below are directed neither at carrying out such an evaluation nor at the selection of the best method. The aim of the review is only to outline the general picture of the selection process and the general characteristics of PPIs being applied in various methods and frameworks for the mea- surement of OSH MS performance.
Safety Element Method (SEM)
The SEM method was designed for the evaluation and improve- ment of OSH management performance in the Norwegian mining sector within the context of supporting mining enterprises in their efforts to ensure compliance with the requirements of OSH legisla- tion (Alteren and Hovden, 1998). SEM is a relatively simple method since it assumes carrying out the evaluation within 6 main ele- ments and 12 sub-elements of OSH MS, and the values of
assessments for individual elements are determined on a 5-level scale. The main 6 elements subject to the evaluation are as follows: goals and ambitions, management, feedback systems and learning, safety culture, documentation, and results indicators.
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