Tuy nhiên, nó chắc chắn không phải là ý định của chúng tôi để trình bày một cái nhìn khối của Trung Quốc, Đài Loan. Tại Trung Quốc, có những khác biệt nhận dạng cả về tâm lý và cách của cuộc sống của người dân trên khắp chia Bắc-Nam, rộng, và cũng đang nổi lên các phân chia khu vực ven biển nội địa. Sự khác biệt Bắc-Nam hay Đông-Tây tại Đài Loan là subtler. Mặc dù những khác biệt trong đất nước hấp dẫn, họ đang ở bên ngoài phạm vi của nghiên cứu này. Như văn hóa có thể được học ở các cấp độ, chúng tôi tương phản văn hóa tại đông rộng (Châu á)-West (Europe/Bắc Mỹ) phân chia và cụ thể hơn Trung Quốc-Đài Loan phân chia trong phía đông.Against the background of rapid economic growth and the concomitant social changes, it is not surprising that studies have reported high levels of stress among workers and managers in both the PRC Gamal and Xie, 1991; Siu et aL, 1997; Yu et al., 1998), and Taiwan (Lu, 1997, 1999; Lu et al., 1997b, 1999a, b; Lu and Kao, 1999). However, a quantitative comparison of the absolute level of work stress in the PRC and Taiwan may not be very informative theoretically and practically, it is more interesting to look at the most salient aspects of work stress in the two Chinese societies, as these should reflect the larger political-economic-social contexts as outlined in Table I. As there are similarities and dissimilarities between the PRC and Taiwan, we therefore hypothesized that some predictors of strain would differ in the two societies (H2). Previous research has found that Chinese factory workers regarded factors "intrinsic to job" being the most stressful, e.g. "having to work very long hours" (Siu et al., 1997). However, Taiwanese industrial workers regarded "role conflicts and lack of support" being the most stressful, e.g. "a lack of encouragement from superiors" (Lu et al., 1995, 1997a). Although there have been no empirical studies examining the PRC-Taiwan differences in work stress, tentative hypotheses could be developed following the above discussions outlined in Table I.First, the continuing dominance of the CPC, the existence of the impermeable circle of party elite, and the history of centralized decision making may have contributed to the great concentration of power in superiors and dutiful deference in subordinates. Although the Chinese in both the PRC and Taiwan share the same traditional value of respect for age, authority and hierarchy, it is nevertheless reasonable to assume that these cultural characteristics and the hierarchical centralized command structure of the PRC economy under socialism have been mutually reinforcing each other. The result is a high value being placed on social control. Collaborating with this analysis, a recent study using Hofstede's (1980) value scheme found greater power distance in the PRC than in Taiwan (Cheng and Chow, 1995). In the context of work stress, recognition by superiors is important in a hierarchical bureaucracy system with large power distance that has characterized state socialism in China:H2.1. "Recognition" by superiors would be a more salient predictor of strain for the PRC than the Taiwanese workers.Second, the PRC's open door policy and integration with the world economy have brought about the dynamic contact between traditional and foreign approaches to management. With progressive reforms, administrative and party functions are being separated, and professional management is gradually being putting into place. Unlike the traditional Chinese approach which was largely shaped under the pre-reform centrally-planned economy, the market economy based professional management emphasizes competence for the job, devolved strategy-formulation, formalized organizational procedures, and financial performance criteria (Child, 1996). Today it remains a major challenge to integrate the two approaches to the benefit of effective enterprise management. It could be expected that stress related to management practices and accountability at work would be higher for the PRC employees caught in a changing time than their Taiwanese counterparts:H2.2. "Personal responsibility" would be a more salient predictor of strain for the PRC than the Taiwanese workers.Third, the not-so-distant history of class struggle, especially during the Cultural Revolution, has resulted in a general sense of interpersonal distrust in the PRC. Researchers have noted that guanxi is one of the particularly significant concepts in Chinese culture, which refers to the quality of a personal relationship outside an individual's immediate family (Lockett, 1988). The management of Chinese enterprises in the PRC is located within a network of interlocking relationships (Henley and Nyaw, 1986). This is especially true for state enterprises and many larger collective firms. When there are shortages of supplies, the cultivation and use of guanxi by managers can make the difference between continuity and disruption of production. Within Chinese organizations continuing relationships are also of great importance. As the Chinese put it, the use of guanxi to "go through the back door" often secures personal advantages such as favorable conditions of work or promotion:
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