a cross-sectional view of the device after the epitaxial process. Note that there Is some outdiffusion from the buried layer into the epitaxial layer. To minimize outdiffusion, a low-temperature epitaxial process should be employed, and low-difTusivity impurities (e.g.. As) should be used in the buried layer.
The third step is to form the lateral oxide isolation region. A thin oxide pad (-50 nm) is thermally grown on the epitaxial layer, followed by a silicon-nitride deposition (-100 nm)
If nitride is deposited directly onto the silicon without the thin oxide pad, the nitride may cause damage to the silicon surface during subsequent high-temperature steps. Next, the nitride-oxide layers and about half of the epitaxial layer are etched using a photoresist its mask (Figs. 9.8c and d). Boron ions are then implanted into the exposed silicon areas (Fig. 9.Sd).
The photoresist is removed, and the wafer is placed in an oxidation furnace. Since the nitride layer has a very low oxidation rate, thick oxides will be grown only in the areas not protected by the nitride layer. The isolation oxide is usually grown to a thickness such that the top of the oxide becomes coplanar with the original silicon surface to minimize the surface topography. This oxide isolation process is called local oxidation of silicon (LOCOS). Figure 9.9a shows the cross section of the isolation oxide after the removal of the nitride layer. Because of segregation effects, most of the implanted boron ions are pushed underneath the Isolation oxide to form a p‘ layer. This is called the p' channel stop (or chanstop) because the high concentration of p-typc semiconductor will prevent
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